EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 1 Air Quality in Europe 1999 Steinar Larssen, Kevin J. Barrett,

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Presentation transcript:

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 1 Air Quality in Europe 1999 Steinar Larssen, Kevin J. Barrett, Jaroslav Fiala, Justin Goodwin, Leif Otto Hagen, Jan F. Henriksen, Frank de Leeuw and Leonor Tarrason State-Impact-Trends-Causes-Responses State-Impact-Trends-Causes-Responses

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 2 Overview of Report wDPSIR SI – DP – R wDriving forces wHealth-affecting AP State wEcosystems-affecting AP Impact wMaterials-affecting AP Causes (Pressure) wResponses to policies wDPSIR SI – DP – R wDriving forces wHealth-affecting AP State wEcosystems-affecting AP Impact wMaterials-affecting AP Causes (Pressure) wResponses to policies

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 3 Development in Driving forces

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 4 IndicatorsIndicators TopicPolicy target indicator Underlying indicators Human healthArea/cities with exceedance of LV Exposure and health risk Tropospheric ozone and ecosystems Emissions of precursor gases Area of exceedance of LV for crops/ forest Acidification/ eutrophication Emissions of acidifying gases (SO 2, NO x ) Area of exceedance of critical loads

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 5 Pressures – Sectoral contributions 8 % 26 % 7 % 13 % 9 % 12 % 13 % 18 % 34 % 25 % 5 % 53 % 65 % 32 % 46 % 31 % 4 % 8 % 4 % 20 % 34 % 16 % 8 % 61 % 0 % 1 % 2 % 0 % 7 % 3 % 6 % 3 % 1 % 0 % 1 % 0 % 20 %40 %60 %80 %100 % Eutrophying potential Acidifying potential Sulphur dioxide Tropospheric Ozone Nitrogen oxides PM10 EnergyIndustryTransportAgricultureWasteOtherFugitive Emissions HealthMaterialsEcosystems Potential Pollutant Emission Pressures Contributing Economic Sector Drivers Potential Impacts

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 6 Selected health-effect related Indicators PM10-36 th highest day (24h) Ozone-26 th highest day (8h) NO 2 -Annual average SO 2 -4 th highest day (24h) CO-Max 8 hour value PM10-36 th highest day (24h) Ozone-26 th highest day (8h) NO 2 -Annual average SO 2 -4 th highest day (24h) CO-Max 8 hour value

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 7 Health-affecting Air Pollution - Summary Extent of exceedances Max PM10Urban:In 15 % of 135 cities2 x LV Rural:Approaches LV in some areas NO 2 Urban:In 21 % of 607 cities3 x LV Rural:Low concentrations O3O3 Urban:In 28 % of 406 cities1.6 x LV Rural:Higher than in urban areas SO 2 Urban:In 6 % of 366 cities2.5 > LV Rural:Low concentrations

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 8 PM10 Urban Background, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 9 PM10 Hot spot, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 10 PM10 Highest cities, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 11 PM10 Trends

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 12 Ozone at rural stations, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 13 Ozone trends

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 14 NO 2 in cities, 1999 Urban Background Annual average

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 15 NO 2 trends, cities

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 16 SO2 in cities, 1999 Urban Background 4 th highest day

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 17 Impact of Urban Air Quality, 1999 Population exposure estimate: Percentage of urban population in Europe living in cities where LV is exceeded in places: NO % O % PM % Benzene  50% Population exposure estimate: Percentage of urban population in Europe living in cities where LV is exceeded in places: NO % O % PM % Benzene  50%

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 18 Regional NOx concentrations, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 19 Total deposition of acidity, 1999 H+ equivalents per hectare p.a. Calculated by EMEP-MSCW

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 20 Trend in acidity deposition Reductions sulphur and nitrogen, Reduction in Sulphur deposition 1990/ /99

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 21 Impacts of ozone on crops, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 22 Impact of acidity, 1999 Average accumulated exceedance of the 5- percentile critical load for acidity (eq/ha/yr), 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 23 Impact of eutrophication 1999 Average accumulated exceedance of the 5- percentile critical load for nutrient nitrogen (eq/ha/yr)

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 24 Impact of acidity, 1999 Area of sensitive ecosystems in each country exceeding critical load for acidity, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 25 Impact of eutrophication 1999 Area of each sensitive ecosystems country exceeding critical load for nutrient nitrogen, 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 26 Ecosystem area potentially damaged by air pollution, EEA18

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 27 Trend in impact on ecosystems, Area of each country exceeding critical loads Acidity

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 28 Trend in impact on ecosystems, Area of each country exceeding critical loads Nutrient Nitrogen

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 29 Sectoral contributions to emissions, EU % 26 % 7 % 13 % 9 % 12 % 13 % 18 % 34 % 25 % 5 % 53 % 65 % 32 % 46 % 31 % 4 % 8 % 4 % 20 % 34 % 16 % 8 % 61 % 0 % 1 % 2 % 0 % 7 % 3 % 6 % 3 % 1 % 0 % 1 % 0 % 20 %40 %60 %80 %100 % Eutrophying potential Acidifying potential Sulphur dioxide Tropospheric Ozone Nitrogen oxides PM10 EnergyIndustryTransportAgricultureWasteOtherFugitive Emissions HealthMaterialsEcosystems Potential Pollutant Emission Pressures Contributing Economic Sector Drivers Potential Impacts

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 30 Trends in EU 15 Emissions, CompoundChange PM10, primary+precursors % NO x % Ozone precursors (TOPF equiv.)- 28 % SO % Acidifying gases (acid equiv.)- 38 % Eutrophying components %

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 31 Trends in emissions Example: PM10, primary + precursors

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGE N:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 32 Summary of AQ trends wNO2: Annual average: 12-15% red. (90-99) 19th hour: 6-13% red. (95-99) wPM10: Annual average: 4-25% red. (97-99) 35th day: 17-36% red. (95-97) wO3: Annual average: 20% incr. (95-99) 25th day: 12% red. (95-99) wSO2: Annual average: 50% red. (93-98) wNO2: Annual average: 12-15% red. (90-99) 19th hour: 6-13% red. (95-99) wPM10: Annual average: 4-25% red. (97-99) 35th day: 17-36% red. (95-97) wO3: Annual average: 20% incr. (95-99) 25th day: 12% red. (95-99) wSO2: Annual average: 50% red. (93-98)