Measuring gender relations with GGS data Maria Eugenia COSIO ZAVALA Pascal SEBILLE CERPOS Centre de Recherche Populations et sociétés University of Paris X-Nanterre

GGS, Gender and generations surveys These surveys aim at exploring relationships between gender changes and different demographic outcomes, such as fertility and formal marriage

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Gender indicators The model and pioneer survey: five surveys in Asia (K. Mason and al., 1985) DHS surveys (including partners’ negotiations and including men)

GGS, Gender and Generations surveys The gender dimension In GGS, gender effects can be studied on : Matrimonial histories Fertility (tempo and intensity) Living arrangements of the elderly Family networks

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Two classical dimensions of female empowerment : autonomy and responsibilities in the household We grouped the variables in a different manner : household organization equality between partners

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Gender definition in GGS is a multidimensional concept, including different aspects: access and control of resources, such as education, labor, durable goods; control of women’s work earnings by herself and of her goods

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Autonomy: freedom in taking decisions, economic independence and freedom of movements Decision power Roles Values

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Dependant variables : - fertility - nuptiality (legal marriage) union definition (in GGS-ERFI): living together with the partner at least during 3 consecutive months

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Evaluation of the union's probability of giving birth to a child, of marrying legally in function of: Sociodemographic variables Gender indicators

GGS, Gender and generations surveys fertility models : probability of having a first child, the last one before the survey, in the current union, for males and females marriage models : probability of legal marriage for males and females

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Explanatory variables are grouped in three sets: First : socio-demographic variables, partners’ demographic life course and their human capital

GGS, Gender and generations surveys Two additional sets with gender variables: a dimension about union’s organization, domestic tasks by sex, female participation in income and decisions

GGS, Gender and generations surveys a second dimension about equality in union’s gender relations, women’s participation in resources’ management modern or traditional values (more or less egalitarian)

GGS, Gender and generations surveys I. socio-demographic variables age groups duration of the present union matrimonial status number of previous unions having a child before actual union education woman’s type of work (full time, partial time, no work) age difference between partners

GGS, Gender and generations surveys II. Tasks’ repartition between partners -Participation in all tasks (scores) -Woman’s contribution to income (%) -Participation in decisions (scores)

GGS, Gender and generations surveys III. Equality/inequality Income management by woman (scores) Family values : - modern - traditional

GGS, Gender and generations surveys MODERN VALUES -Marriage is no more an appropriate institution nowadays -It is right for partners in an informal union to live together even if they have no intention of getting married

GGS, Gender and generations surveys MODERN VALUES -If people are not happy in their union, they can divorce, even if they have children -A woman can have a child and raise it alone if she does not want to have a stable relation with a man

GGS, Gender and generations surveys TRADITIONAL VALUES: -Marriage is a link that lasts during all life, it is not possible to break it -To grow happy, children need to live in a family unit with a father and a mother

Some results of GGS ERFI in France Egalitarian variables have a negative effect on the fertility and marriage probabilities. Partners’ age, former matrimonial histories, women’s work, education and other socio-demographic variables have a strong influence

Some results of GGS, ERFI in France Personal and family lives of both partners are highly important, including matrimonial experiences before current union They have a significative weight in relation with gender indicators, before and during the actual union

Some results of GGS, ERFI in France Fertility and nuptiality depend on these personal an union’s histories and on equalitarian or not equalitarian gender relations. It is very interesting to have GGS (ERFI in France) to show these interactions

Some results of GGS, ERFI in France In France, unions organize tasks with a strong specialization by sex. In 8 unions among 10, women do more (much more) domestic tasks than men. BUT equality is predominant in the management of resources, with 8 unions among 10 sharing them in an egalitarian way

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