1. Juan Manuel Contreras London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine September 2004 Conflict within Intimacy: Men Involved in Violent Relationships Socio-demographic Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence in Mexico

2. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)... is one of the most common types of violence is everywhere and transcends socio-economic and culturally different groups (Heise et al., 1999) emerges as a significant issue because its negative effects could be enormous for the individuals and society

3. 11th most populated country in the world (97 483 412) 75% living in urban areas 57% of the population between 15-59 years 60% (15-59) are married or living in-cohabitation Mexico

4. In Mexico... Studies have detected that IPV is a serious issue with high prevalence (it is estimated that around 30% of women have ever beaten by their partners) The investigation started recently and there are few studies that help to understand in depth the aspects involved in this problem Studies conclude that IPV is caused mainly by the cultural context characterised by gender inequalities

5. Research Purpose Following a socio-demographic perspective, to explore the determinants and context of intimate partner violence from the male point of view The ultimate purpose is to suggest recommendations to contribute to appropriate intervention strategies to prevent IPV

6. Explaining IPV Theoretical Approaches Psychobiological perspective Cultural of Violence Theory Social Learning Theory Resource and Exchange Theories Systems Theory Patriarchal/Feminist Theory Ecological Model

7. Conceptual Framework for this study Macrosocial Community of current residence Individual Man Individual Woman Relationship Conflict Arena Outcome Gender Norms Acceptance of violence Justice system Socio -political violent environment Family origin Peers Neighbours Religious leaders Personal History Socio-economic, demographic and health characteristics Personality Beliefs Personal History Socio-economic, demographic and health characteristics Personality Beliefs Interaction: Socio-economic and demographic characteristics Affinity Negotiation skills Communication ability Decision- making Respect and taking-care Gender power Economic problems Children Unfaithfulness Jealousy Discords daily life Addictions No fulfilment Gender roles Sexual satisfaction Reproductive issues Current particular features: Current particular features: Household duties Non-physical violence Physical violence

8. To understand IPV it is necessary to include all the social actors involved Our understanding of the male perspective is particularly limited It is clear that there is a connection between men and violence Men on the whole are considered the main aggressors who generate physical violence in the relationships Why Men?

9. Quantitative Analysis of a reproductive health survey (ENSARE) collected by the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) in 1998. ‘Screening’ Survey Conducting a survey (n=500) among male factory workers in Mexico City. Two reasons: a) To aid in selecting participants for the qualitative study b) To obtain more specific quantitative information on issues related to IPV Qualitative 40 in-depth interviews were conducted: 20 ‘violent’ and 20 ‘non-violent’ men Methodology

10. Quantitative data Outcome, binary variable: ‘1’ involved in IPV in the last 12 months ‘0’ not involved Bivariate analysis: crosstabs, chi square test Multivariate analysis: Logistic regression method Step by step analysis Wald test Log likelihood ratio tests Analysing data

11. Qualitative data Based on grounded theory Five steps: –Read data to become familiar –Organise findings according to theoretical framework –Develop analytical categories and to code the data –Examine important categories and make connections –Identify patterns Nudist software Analysing data

12. Findings

13. Reproductive Health Survey: 9.0% involved in IPV in the last 12 months Of those who have been involved: –49% More than once –30% Injuries Screening Survey: 12.2% involved in IPV in the last 12 months 33.8% ever 1. Levels

14. Life cycle Dynamic of the relationship Norms about the use of violence

15. Less 25 years old Having 1 child under 12 living with him Less 5 years in the relationship First incident less than 1 year into the relationship Risk of being involved in IPV gets lower as age increases 2. Life cycle

16. Lack of experience in dealing with problems Emotional intensity and great expectations Difficulties in settling down with a partner Societal pressures influence individual’s decisions about marriage 2. Life cycle (cont…)

17. Fulfilment of gender roles –His roles: economic provider, strong personality, affectionate, faithful –Her roles: household duties, no complaints, sexuality To control the sexuality of women –Jealousy –Premarital sexual relationships Interaction with other members of the household 3. Dynamic of the relationship

18. High tolerance to the use of physical violence Violence against women is socially condemned: A las mujeres no se les toca ni con el petalo de una rosa When is it allowed? –Defence –Discipline Experiences in childhood extremely important in shaping these perspectives 4. The use of violence. Norms

19. The End