1. The Traditional Nuclear Family and New Alternatives legally married -->never married singlehood, nonmarital cohabitation with children -->voluntary childlessness two-parent -->single-parent permanent -->divorce, remarriage male primary provider, -->egalitarian (dual-career) ultimate authority sexually exclusive -->extramarital relationships heterosexual -->same-sex relationships, households

2. The Growing Diversity of Canadian Families

3. MARRIAGE AND COMMON-LAW UNIONS, YOUNG ADULTS, CANADA, 2001 Age 20-24 Age 25-29 Percent of age cohort

4. The Five Functions of Families  Sexual regulation  Economic cooperation  Reproduction  Socialization  Emotional support

5. Family Satisfaction and the Family Life Cycle, USA, 1998 Family satisfaction (scale 1-5) Men Women

6. The Five Bases of Marital Satisfaction  Economic forces  Divorce laws  The family life cycle  Housework and childcare  Sex

7. Crude Divorce Rate, Canada, 1968-98 Divorces per 100,000 population Year

8. Total Divorce Rate, Canada, 1993-98 Divorces per 1,000 marriages in preceding 30 yrs. Year

9. More Separations in Canada & More People Entering a Second Union Percentage of Women Experiencing at Least One Separation (Marriages or Common-law unions) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 1926-351936-451946-551956-65 Birth cohort % experiencing the event Percentage of Women With at Least Two Unions (Marriage or Common-law) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 1926-351936-451946-551956-65 Birth cohort % experiencing the event

10. 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 WomenMen Odds ratio Likelihood of Marriage Dissolution for People Whose Parents Separated or Divorced Versus Those Whose Parents Stayed Together

11. Three Factors Account for Emotional Distress among Children of Divorce  A high level of parental conflict  A decline in living standards  The absence of a parent

12. Nuclear Family Decline: USA and Sweden, Early 1990s USASweden median age at first marriage men26.529.4* women24.427.1* percentage of 45-49 population never married men 5.715.4* women 5.1 9.1* nonmarital birth rate25.750.9* 1-parent hshlds among all hshlds with children < 15 25.0*18.0 % of mothers in labor force with children < 3 51.084.0* total fertility rate 2.0 2.0 average household size 2.7 2.2*

13. Child Well-Being: USA and Sweden, Early 1990s USA Sweden mean reading performance score at 14 5.1 5.3* % of children in poverty single-mother households 59.5 5.2* two-parent households 11.1 2.2* death rate of infants from abuse 9.8 0.9* suicide rate for children 15-19 (/100,000)11.16.2* juvenile delinquency rate (/100,000) 11.6*12.0 juvenile drug offence rate (/100,000) 558 241*