Computer Organization and Assembly language Lecture 3 Evolution of Computers Intel Family Architecture Course Instructor: Aisha Danish

What are microprocessors? A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit. X Y Control unit IR PC ALU ACC MAR Data bus Control bus Address bus A simple microprocessor architecture

Evolution of Computers First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor Third generation (1959-1971) - IC Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html

Evolution of Computers First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube IBM 650, 1954 Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html

Evolution of Computers Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html

Evolution of Computers Third generation (1959-1971) - IC PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8 is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html

Evolution of Computers Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator applications. ALU Instruction decoder Reg. Program counter I/O Refresh logic System bus Control logic ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset http://www.intel.com Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Autumn, 1997

Evolution of Intel Microprocessors Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm) 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4 Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4 8080 8088 80286 80386 80486 Pentium P II P III P 4

Other Commercial Microprocessors PowerPC (IBM, Motorola) Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD) Crusoe (Transmeta) SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems) TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments) StarCore (Motorola, Agere) ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines) MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies)      

Applications of Microprocessors Computers System performance is normally the most important design concern Memory Timing & control Keyboard Interrupt ... Monitor Micro- processor Disk Other peripherals Bus Block diagram of a computer

Applications of Microprocessors Microcontrollers A microcontroller is a simple computer implemented in a single VLSI chip. CPU RAM ROM Timer Interrupt I/O port USART A/D, D/A OSC. In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have low performance Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial control, automobile and home applications Block diagram of a microcontroller

What is a microprocessor? Criteria number of chips data path address space CPU performance Price Types of micrprocessor Application Reprogrammable microprocessors embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers Instruction complexity CISC RISC

The 8086 Family The 8086 Microprocessor (1978): −20-bit address bus. −16-bit internal data bus. −16-bit external data bus. −Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit (EU). −16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high or low 8 bits separately). −Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions. −Support for an external floating-point math coprocessor.

The 8086 Family The 8088 Microprocessor (1979): −20-bit address bus. −16-bit internal data bus. −8-bit external data bus. −Separate bus interface unit (BIU) and execution unit (EU). −16-bit registers (with the ability to access the high or low 8 bits separately). −Built in hardware multiply and divide instructions. −Support for an external floating-point math coprocessor.

The 8086 Family The 80186 & 80188 Microprocessors (1982): −A personal computer (PC) based on the 8086/8088 microprocessors requires several additional chips such as: a clock generator, a programmable timer, a programmable interrupt controller, a direct memory access controller and a circuitry to select the I/O devices. −To simplify the design, Intel introduced the 80186 & 80188 microprocessors. −The 80186/80188 integrates on a single chip an 8086/8088 microprocessor and all the chips mentioned above. −The 80186 & 80188 are often referred to as highintegration processors

The 8086 Family The 80286 Microprocessor (1982): −24-bit address bus. −16-bit internal data bus. −16-bit external data bus. −Designed to be software compatible with 8086 & 80186 microprocessors. −Provides two programming modes: Real Mode Protected Mode

The 8086 Family The 80286 Microprocessor (Real Mode): −The processor function exactly like the 8086 processor. −That is, any 8086 program can be run on a Real Mode 80286 processor without any change. −The 80286 processor uses only its 20 least significant address lines. −So, the memory space is limited to 1 MB

The 8086 Family The 80286 Microprocessor (Protected Mode): −In this mode, the processor supports a multiprogram environment. −It gives each program a predetermined amount of memory. −This uses the full memory space which is 16MB. −This mode is called Protected Mode because several programs can be loaded into memory at once (each in its own segment), but are protected from each other

The 8086 Family The 80386 Microprocessor (1984): −32-bit address bus. −32-bit internal data bus. −32-bit external data bus. −32-bit registers. −Provides three modes: Real Mode (identical to that of 80286) Protected Mode (manages 4 GB of memory in a way similar to that of the 80286). Virtual Mode (similar to Real Mode, except that multiple 8086 processors can run simultaneously

The 8086 Family The 80486 Microprocessor (1989): −32-bit address bus. −32-bit internal and external data bus. −32-bit registers. −On-chip cache (stores the most recently used instructions and data ) −Integrated Floating-Point Unit (FPU) −Real & Protected Modes as in 80386 −Pipelined design

The 8086 Family The Pentium Microprocessor (1993): −32-bit address bus. −32-bit internal −64-bit external data bus. −32-bit registers. −Two instructions pipelines −On-chip cache −Integrated FPU