1. Microprocessors

2. Microprocessor Buses Address Bus Address Bus One way street over which microprocessor sends an address code to memory or other external drives. One way street over which microprocessor sends an address code to memory or other external drives. Data Bus Data Bus Two way street which data or instruction codes are transferred into the microprocessor which result in operation or computation is sent into the microprocessor Two way street which data or instruction codes are transferred into the microprocessor which result in operation or computation is sent into the microprocessor Control Bus Control Bus Used by the microprocessor to coordinate its operations to communicate with external devices. Used by the microprocessor to coordinate its operations to communicate with external devices.

3. Microprocessor programming Data Transfer Data Transfer Arithmetic Arithmetic Bit manipulation Bit manipulation Loops and jump Loops and jump Strings Strings Subroutines and interrupts Subroutines and interrupts Processor control Processor control

4. Terminologies Assembly language - low level languages that can be translated into binary instructions. Assembly language - low level languages that can be translated into binary instructions. Assembler- program converts the English like instructions Assembler- program converts the English like instructions Mnemonics – converts into binary pattern Mnemonics – converts into binary pattern Compiler – translate the high level program statements into machine language Compiler – translate the high level program statements into machine language

5. CPU history 8086 – 1978 – 16 bit data bus 8086 – 1978 – 16 bit data bus 80286 – 1982 – 24 address line, 16 megabytes 80286 – 1982 – 24 address line, 16 megabytes 80386 – 1985 – 32 bit data bus, 32 external 4 Giga bytes 80386 – 1985 – 32 bit data bus, 32 external 4 Giga bytes 80486 – 1989 -8 k byte cache memory max 66 MHz 80486 – 1989 -8 k byte cache memory max 66 MHz Pentium -1993 – 64 bits data bus 32 bit registers 66 MHz Pentium -1993 – 64 bits data bus 32 bit registers 66 MHz Pentium Pro – 1995- 200 MHz Pentium Pro – 1995- 200 MHz Pentium II – 1997 - 57 new instruction 400 – 450 MHz Pentium II – 1997 - 57 new instruction 400 – 450 MHz Pentium III – 1999 – 70 new instruction, 3D imaging 500Mhz- 1GHz Pentium III – 1999 – 70 new instruction, 3D imaging 500Mhz- 1GHz Pentium IV- 2000- 1.3 GHz -3GHZ Pentium IV- 2000- 1.3 GHz -3GHZ

6. Motorola microprocessor 680X0 family 68000 – 16 bit devices, 8 bit data bus 68000 – 16 bit devices, 8 bit data bus 68020 – 32 bit microprocessors 4 G byte memory 68020 – 32 bit microprocessors 4 G byte memory 68030 – 256 byte cache for data 50 MHz 68030 – 256 byte cache for data 50 MHz 68040 – 4 K byte each with chip math compressor 68040 – 4 K byte each with chip math compressor 68060 – multiple pipelining of instructions 8 K byte caches for data and instruction 68060 – multiple pipelining of instructions 8 K byte caches for data and instruction Power PC MPC 601 32 K bytes RISC microprocessor (reduced instruction set computer) Power PC MPC 601 32 K bytes RISC microprocessor (reduced instruction set computer)

7. Basic Computer Operation Block Diagram Input PortOutput Port CPU Microprocessor Memory Unit RAM ROM And Hard Disk Data Bus Control Bus Address Bus

8. Computer port communication

9. EU and BIU

10. Internal Organization of 8088