19.5 China: Reform and Reaction CSTs 10.9.4, 10.10.2, 10.10.3.10.10.4

1966 Mao begins the Cultural Revolution GOALS: To rid China of anti-revolutionary forces who want to modernize the economy. OUTCOMES: Economic, political, and social chaos Increased opposition to radical communism Increased opposition to leadership

Mao Zedong

1971 Zhou Enlai invites American table tennis team to tour China. GOALS: To end China’s isolation and form ties with the West. OUTCOMES: It ushered in a new era of Chinese-American relations Led to cultural exchanges, limited trade, and formal diplomatic relations.

Zhou En Lai and President Richard Nixon

1978 Deng Xiaoping launches a bold program of economic reforms. GOAL: To improve China’s economy with his Four Modernizations reforms which called for progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science & technology. OUTCOMES: Generally Successful. -Increased food and industrial production -Raised the standard of living, but widening gap between the rich and the poor -Exposure to some Western ideas of capitalism -Welcomed foreign technology and investment

Deng Xiaoping

1989 Students stage an uprising in Tiananmen Square. GOALS: End dictatorship and create a democracy in China. OUTCOMES: Brutal repression of pro-democracy movement International awareness of human rights violations in China

Tiananmen Students’ Lady of Liberty

Un-named student defying tanks in Tiananmen Square

1997 Britain hands over Hong Kong to China. GOALS: The end of British colonial rule and spheres of influence in China. OUTCOMES: Fear that the Hong Kong citizens would lose their rights and freedoms. Reconnected many Hong Kong citizens with their Chinese heritage. By early 2002, Chinese rule tightened.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong at Night

Current President of the People’s Republic of China: HU Jintao

Summer Olympics 2008