1. 33-2 Communists Take Power in China
After World War II, Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerge.

2. Communists vs. Nationalists
World War II in China
Mao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists against Japanese invaders
Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)—leads of Chinese Nationalists in WWII
Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil war after WWII ends

3. Communists vs. Nationalists
Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)
Mao Zedong

6. Communists vs. Nationalists
Civil War Resumes
Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to Communists
Mao’s troops take control of China’s major cities
In 1949, People’s Republic of China is created
Nationalists flee to Taiwan

7. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War
The Superpowers React
U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of China
Soviets and China agree to help each other in event of attack
U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in China

8. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War
China Expands under the Communists
China takes control of Tibet and southern Mongolia
India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against Chinese
China and India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remain

9. The Communists Transform China
Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven”
Chinese Communists organize national government and Communist Party
Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism
Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants
Government seizes private companies and plans production increase

11. The Communists Transform China
The Great Leap Forward
Communes—large collective farms often supporting over 25,000 people
Program is ended after inefficiency leads to crop failures and famines

13. The Communists Transform China
New Policies and Mao’s Response
China and Soviet Union clash over leadership of communist movement
Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in government
Red Guards—militia units formed to enforce strict communism in China

14. The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force
Between 1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

15. Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

16. The Communists Transform China
The Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution—movement to build society of peasants and workers
Red Guards—groups of violent and radical youth—close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals
In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.”
However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.

17. Gang of Four
After Mao’s death, the Gang of Four—the radical group that controlled the power organs of the Chinese Communist Party throughout the Cultural Revolution—is arrested and judged responsible for the excesses and chaos that occurred in China as a result of this revolution.

18. 35-5 China: Reform and Reaction
In response to contact with the West, China’s government has experimented with capitalism but has rejected calls for democracy.

19. The Legacy of Mao Problems of Mao’s Rule
Mao Zedong wants to improve China’s economy, but cannot
Mao’s policies, a lack of modern technology prevent economic growth
He launches Cultural Revolution in 1960s to revive Communist split.
Its excesses turn many people against communism.
Zhou Enlai-leader in early 1970s-pursues moderate policies.

20. China and the West China Opened Its Doors
Zhou worries that China is too isolated from rest of world
In 1971, U.S. and China begin closer relations

21. Richard Nixon and Zhou Enlai

22. Economic Reform
In 1976, Mao and Zhou die; moderates take control of Communist Party
Deng Xiaoping-becomes leader of China by 1980
Four Modernization-Deng’s plan for economic progress
This policy reverses strict Communist policies long backed by Mao

23. Four Modernizations

24. Massacre in Tiananmen Square
Unforeseen Problems
Reforms lead to some unrest over privileges of Communist leaders
Western political ideas enter China, encouraging democracy
Students Demand Democracy
In 1989, students protest in Tiananmen Square-public area in Beijing

27. Deng Orders a Crackdown
Deng orders army to surround square, attack protestors
Attack leaves hundreds dead, thousands wounded
Government begins large-scale campaign to end dissent

28. China Enters New Millennium
China Under Jiang
In 1997, Deng dies; Jiang Zemin takes power
Hard liners want Jiang to move away from Deng’s reforms
In 2002, Jiang steps down in favor of Zhu Rongji
Both Jiang and Zhu favor continued reforms

29. Jiang Zemin
Zhu Rongji
Hu Jintao

30. Transfer of Hong Kong
Hong Kong-former British colony, city in China, major economic power
In 1997, Britain hands Hong Kong back to China

33. China Beyond 2000 Economics and Politics
Economic reforms reduce poverty in China
Though many countries have economic problems, China’s economy grows
Many in China want political reforms
China is becoming more involved with other countries