© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 1 Distance Vector Routing Protocols Routing Protocols and Concepts – Chapter 4

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 2 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Objectives  Identify the characteristics of distance vector routing protocols.  Describe the network discovery process of distance vector routing protocols using Routing Information Protocol (RIP).  Describe the processes to maintain accurate routing tables used by distance vector routing protocols.  Identify the conditions leading to a routing loop and explain the implications for router performance.  Recognize that distance vector routing protocols are in use today

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 3 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Protocols  Routing Information Protocol (RIP)  Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)  Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 4 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public RIP Routing Information Protocol (RIP) was originally specified in RFC It has the following key characteristics:  Hop count is used as the metric for path selection.  If the hop count for a network is greater than 15, RIP cannot supply a route to that network.  Routing updates are broadcast or multicast every 30 seconds, by default.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 5 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Cisco. IGRP has the following key design characteristics:  Bandwidth, delay, load and reliability are used to create a composite metric.  Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds, by default.  IGRP is the predecessor of EIGRP and is now obsolete.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 6 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public EIGRP Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol. EIGRP has these key characteristics:  It can perform unequal cost load balancing.  It uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path.  There are no periodic updates as with RIP and IGRP. Routing updates are sent only when there is a change in the topology.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 7 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Distance Vector

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 8 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Characteristics of Distance Vector routing protocols :  Periodic updates  Neighbors  Broadcast updates  Entire routing table is included with routing update Routers using distance vector routing are not aware of the network topology.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 9 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Protocol Algorithm

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 10 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Protocols Characteristics Time to Convergence How quickly the routers in the network topology share routing information and reach a state of consistent knowledge Scalability How large a network can become based on the routing protocol that is deployed Classless (Use of VLSM) or Classful Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask in the updates. Classful routing protocols do not Resource Usage Memory space, CPU utilization, and link bandwidth utilization. Implementation and Maintenance The level of knowledge that is required for a network administrator to implement and maintain the network based on the routing protocol deployed.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 11 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Router initial start up (Cold Starts) -Initial network discovery Directly connected networks are initially placed in the routing table

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 12 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Initial Exchange of Routing Information If a routing protocol is configured then Routers will exchange routing information Updates is received from other routers Router checks update for new information If there is new information: Metric is updated New information is Stored in routing table

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 13 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Router Convergence Router convergence is reached when All routing tables in the network contain the same network information Routers continue to exchange routing information If no new information is found then Convergence is reached

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 14 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Table Maintenance RIP uses 4 timers Update timer Invalid timer Holddown timer Flush timer

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 15 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Invalid Timer  If an update has not been received to refresh an existing route after 180 seconds (the default), the route is marked as invalid by setting the metric to 16  The route is retained in the routing table until the flush timer expires.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 16 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Holddown Timer Stabilizes routing information Helps prevent routing loops during periods when the topology is converging on new information Once a route is marked as unreachable, it must stay in holddown long enough for all routers in the topology to learn about the unreachable network By default, the holddown timer is set for 180 seconds.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 17 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Flush Timer By default, the flush timer is set for 240 seconds, which is 60 seconds longer than the invalid timer When the flush timer expires, the route is removed from the routing table

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 18 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Checking Timers

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 19 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Eigrp – bounded updates EIGRP uses updates that are  Non-periodic  Partial updates  Bounded, meaning the propagation of partial updates are automatically bounded so that only those routers that need the information are updated

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 20 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Triggered updates Triggered updates can speed up convergence but………….. Packets containing the update message can be dropped or corrupted by some link in the network The triggered updates do not happen instantaneously It is possible that a router that has not yet received the triggered update will issue a regular update at just the wrong time, causing the bad route to be reinserted in a neighbor that had already received the triggered update. Triggered updates are sent when one of the following occurs:  An interface changes state (up or down)  A route has entered (or exited) the "unreachable" state  A route is installed in the routing table

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 21 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Synchronized Updates RIP_JITTER subtracts a variable amount of time to the update interval for each router in the network. From 0% to 15% of the specified update interval Update interval varies randomly in a range from 25 to 30 seconds for the default 30-second interval. Only a problem with Hubs

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 22 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Loops A condition in which a packet is continuously transmitted within a series of routers without ever reaching its destination  The loop may be a result of:  Incorrectly configured static routes  Incorrectly configured route redistribution (redistribution is a process of handing the routing information from one routing protocol to another routing protocol and is discussed in CCNP-level courses)  Inconsistent routing tables not being updated due to slow convergence in a changing network  Incorrectly configured or installed discard routes

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 23 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Loops A routing loop can create the following conditions:  Link bandwidth will be used for traffic looping back and forth between the routers in a loop.  A router's CPU will be burdened with useless packet forwarding that will negatively impact the convergence of the network.  Routing updates may get lost or not be processed in a timely manner. These conditions would introduce additional routing loops, making the situation even worse.  Packets may get lost in "black holes."

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 24 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Loops

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 25 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Preventing Routing Loops  Defining a maximum metric to prevent count to infinity  Holddown timers  Split horizon  Route poisoning or poison reverse  Triggered updates

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 26 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Count to Infinity A routing loop whereby packets bounce infinitely around a network. R1 FromToMetric to R2R32 R3 (M2) R23 R2 (M3) R14 R2 (M3) R34 R3 (M4) R25 R2 (M5) R16 R2 (M5) R36 R3 (M6) R27 R3 Solution: Defining a maximum metric Once a router “counts to infinity” it marks the route as unreachable

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 27 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Hold Down Timer

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 28 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Holddown timers Used to prevent regular update messages from inappropriately reinstating a route that may have gone bad 1. A router receives an update from a neighbor indicating that a network that previously was accessible is now no longer accessible 2. The router marks the network as possibly down and starts the holddown timer 3. If an update with a better metric for that network is received from any neighboring router during the holddown period, the network is reinstated and the holddown timer is removed 4. If an update from any other neighbor is received during the holddown period with the same or worse metric for that network, that update is ignored. Thus, more time is allowed for the information about the change to be propagated 5. Routers still forward packets to destination networks that are marked as possibly down. This allows the router to overcome any issues associated with intermittent connectivity. If the destination network truly is unavailable and the packets are forwarded, black hole routing is created and lasts until the holddown timer expires.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 29 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Loops  Preventing loops with holddown timers -Holddown timers allow a router to not accept any changes to a route for a specified period of time. -Point of using holddown timers  Allows routing updates to propagate through network with the most current information.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 30 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Split Horizon Rule A router should not advertise a network through the interface from which the update came R2 only advertises networks and to R1 R2 only advertises networks and to R3 R1 only advertises network to R2 R3 only advertises network to R2

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 31 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Route Poisening Network becomes unavailable due to a link failure. R3 poisons the metric with a value of 16 and then sends out a triggered update R2 processes that update and invalidates the routing entry in its routing table R2 then sends the poison update to R1 setting the metric value to 16 R1 processes the update and invalidates the routing entry for in its routing table.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 32 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Split horizon with poison reverse Once a router learns of an unreachable route through an interface,advertise it as unreachable back through the same interface Poison reverse is a specific circumstance that overrides split horizon. It occurs to ensure that R3 is not susceptible to incorrect updates about network Split horizon is enabled by default. However split horizon with poison reverse may not be the default on all IOS implementations

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 33 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Loops and TTL value Even in the case of a routing loop packets will not loop endlessly in the network Eventually the TTL value will be decreased to 0 and the packet will be discarded by the router

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 34 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Protocols Today  RIP  Features of RIP: -Supports split horizon & split horizon with poison reverse -Capable of load balancing -Easy to configure -Works in a multi vendor router environment

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 35 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Routing Protocols Today  EIGRP  Features of EIGRP: - Triggered updates -EIGRP hello protocol used to establish neighbor adjacencies -Supports VLSM & route summarization -Use of topology table to maintain all routes -Classless distance vector routing protocol -Cisco proprietary protocol

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 36 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public