BRONZE = COPPER + TIN STATUES AND ORNAMENTS CARBON DIOXIDE TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED, WHICH MEANS IT IS AN ACID

THE WATER CONTAINS CALCIUM SALTS WHICH TURN INTO LIMESCALE WHEN HEATED. THIS STICKS TO THE PIPE. LIMESTONE Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu

IONIC BOND ONE ATOM TRANSFERS ELECTRONS TO ANOTHER CREATING + AND – IONS WHICH ATTRACT EACH OTHER ORANGE JUICE, VINEGAR, SOUR MILK, COLA, RAIN TOOTHPASTE, BREAD SODA, MILK OF MAGNESIA WASHING SODA

CARBONNITROGEN TO STOP THE INK SEEPING INTO THE WATER BELOW IT THE INK IS SOLUBLE IN THE WATER AND TRAVELS UP THE PAPER WITH IT.

THERE IS AN INCREASE IN THE ENERGY OF THE GAS MOLECULES AND THEY LEAVE THE SOLUTION. 16 0

CO 2 H2OH2O WATER EVAPORATION DIFFERS FROM PLACE TO PLACE

AIR IS DRAWN THROUGH THE LIMEWATER. THE LIMEWATER GOES MILKY WHITE

THE LIQUID WILL TURN BLUE COBALT CHLORIDE TO PINK

SETTLEMENT TANKS ALLOWS SOLIDS AND SUSPENDED PARTICLES TO SETTLE TO THE BOTTOM OF THE TANKS.

FILTRATION WATER IS FILTERED THROUGH BEDS OF SAND TO REMOVE SUSPENDED PARTICLES CHLORINATION CHLORINE IS ADDED TO KILL HARMFUL BACTERIA IN THE WATER FLUORIDATION PREVENTS TOOTH DECAY

WEAR PROTECTIVE GEAR WHEN DOIG CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS ONLY USE EQUIPMENT WHEN TOLD TO BY YOUR TEACHER.

ADD POTASSIUM METAL TO A BASIN OF WATER. THE POTASSIUM WILL FLOAT ON THE WATER AND REACT SO VIOLENTLY THAT IT WILL CATCH FIRE. A FIZZING NOISE WILL BE HEARD AS HYDROGEN GAS IS PRODUCED.

ALKALI METALS THEY REACT WITH OXYGEN TO FORM OXIDES TOUCH A PIECE OF UNIVERSAL INDICATOR PAPER AGAINST THE LEMON. COMPARE THE COLOUR TO PH CHART.

ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT WHICH HAVE DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS PAINTING, OILING OR GREASING OXYGEN OR WATER

ADD MORE COPPER SULPHATE AND STIR TO DISSOLVE NO MORE COPPER SULPHATE WILL DISSOLVE IN THE SOLUTION

MANGANESE DIOXIDE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE DECOMPOSING TO GIVE OXYGEN GAS CaCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2

PLASTIC WASTE IS UNSIGHTLY IN THE ENVIRONMENT PLASTIC WASTE IS EXPENSIVE TO DISPOSE OF. CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY MICRO-ORGANISMS MADE FROM RENEWABLE MATERIALS

WATER IT WOULD TURN BLUE COBALT CHLORIDE TO PINK LIMEWATER CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE BURNING WAX TURNS IT MILKY WHITE COAL

AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE BROKEN INTO ANYTHING SIMPLER BY CHEMICAL MEANS. A COMPOUND IS TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE CHEMICALLY COMBINED

METALS NON-METALS

MAGNESIUM IS NOW CHEMICALLY COMBINED WITH OXYGEN FROM OXYGEN IN THE AIR MAGNESIUM OXIDE, MgO

TWO OR MORE ATOMS CHEMICALLY COMBINED COVALENT BONDING

THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS IN A COMPOUND IS CALLED AN IONIC BOND. SODIUM CHLORIDE

SHAKE THE WATER SAMPLE WITH SOAP FLAKES. THE HARD WATER REQUIRES A LOT OF SOAP TO PRODUCE A LATHER. CALCIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE

SOFT. THE RESIN WILL HAVE REMOVED ALL OF THE IONS WHICH CAUSE HARDNESS. TEST THE WATER SAMPLE WITH SOAP FLAKES. IT WILL REQUIRE VERY LITTLE SOAP TO PRODUCE A LATHER.

CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY, MgO DOES NOT Mg IS MALLEABLE, MgO IS NOT DISSOLVES THE LIMESTONE ACIDS IN RAIN REACT WITH THE LIMESTONE

SAND SALT OR WATER

SOFT HARDNESS LEFT IN TEST TUBE A CHLORINATION FILTRATION HEAT ELECTRIC

TUBE A TO REMOVE OXYGEN FROM WATER TO PREVENT OXYGEN GETTING BACK INTO TUBE OXYGEN NEEDED FOR RUSTING

18

LEAVE TO COOL CRYSTALS WILL FORM FILTER THE CRYSTALS Solution of copper sulphate Crystals forming

A SCALE FROM 0 TO 14 USED TO MEASURE THE DEGREE OF ACIDITY USING A PH METER GASTRIC JUICE BLOOD

ELECTROLYSIS TO IMPROVE ITS CONDUCTIVITY

OXYGEN RELIGHTS A GLOWING SPLINT HYDROGEN BURNS WITH A LOUD POP 2 HYDROGEN AND 1 OXYGEN

HYDROGEN HYDROCHLORIC ACID

CALCIUM COPPER CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC, COPPER WEAR GOGGLES

SULPHUR DIOXIDE CAUSES ACID RAIN

NO DEFINITE SHAPE LIQUIDS HAVE A DEFINITE VOLUME

BUNSEN BURNER/ CRUCIBLE TRIPOD STAND/ CLAY TRIANGLE

Conical flask Filter funnel Filter paper Beaker of dirty water

13 – 6 = 7 ISOTOPES

MEASURING THE VOLUME OF ACID NEEDED FOR NEUTRALISATION A SALT AND WATER ARE FORMED

REFRIDGERATION FIRE EXTINGUISHERS BURNS WITH A LOUD POP

Zn + 2HCl →ZnCl 2 + H 2

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE MANGANESE DIOXIDE

A CHEMICAL WHICH SPEEDS UP A REACTION WITHOUT BEING USED UP ITSELF. RESULT;RED LITMUS DID NOT CHANGE, BLUE LITMUS TURNED RED CONCLUSION: CARBON DIOXIDE IS AN ACID

DOES NOT FORM SUDS WITH SOAP CALCIUM HARD TO FORM SUDS WHEN WASHING BLOCKS HOT WATER PIPES BLOCKS HEATING ELEMENTS PROVIDES CALCIUM FOR BONES

DISTILLATION LIEBIG CONDENSER

B TASTE IT

COVALENT ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS

CARBON DIOXIDE SODIUM LOSES AN ELECTRON CHLORINE GAINS AN ELECTRON ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION Potassium chloride

AN ALLOY IS A MIXTURE OF METALS BRASS IS USED FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES, DOOR HANDLES ETC.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID CALCIUM CARBONATE

CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, ZINC, COPPER ELECTRON (-1), PROTON (+1) ELECTRON (1/1840 AMU), PROTON (1AMU)

SAFETY GLASSES PERSPEX SHEET PAINTING, OILING, GREASING, ELECTROPLATING KEEPS OXYGEN AND WATER AWAY FROM THE METAL

A FUEL MADE FROM DECAYED ANIMALS AND PLANTS METHANE WHITE RED TURNS BLUE MgO IS A BASE

3.6 mg/ 100g water It reduces the solubility of oxygen in the water RISING TEMPERATURES WILL REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE WATER THIS WILL REDUCE THE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS LIVING IN THE OCEANS AND RIVERS.

THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM. ISOTOPES ARE ATOMS WHICH DIFFER ONLY BY THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS

ALKALINE EARTH METALS BECAUSE THEY HAVE EIGHT ELECTRONS ON THEIR OUTER SHELL AN IONIC BOND IS THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS IN A COMPOUND.

TABLE SALT AND COPPER SULPHATE THEY CONDUCT ELECTRICITY SO THAT THEY CAN BE FREE TO MOVE ABOUT AND CARRY CHARGE

LEMON JUICE, SODA WATER TOOTHPASTE, LIMEWATER PURE WATER

Water Chromatography paper Test Tube The water soaks up along the paper and carries the ink with it. As it does the different colours in the ink separate out because they travel at different speeds up the paper

THE INK FROM THE MARKER WITH A MIXTURE OF COLOURS WILL HAVE SEPARATED INTO A ITS DIFFERENT COLOURS.

CRUDE OIL THEY CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN BY LIVING THINGS

GRADUATED CYLINDER PIPETTE OR BURETTE FLOAT ON WATER CUT EASILY WITH A KNIFE REACT VIOLENT WITH WATER

A BOND WHERE THE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED BETWEEN THE ATOMS IS CALLED A COVALENT BOND.

SODIUM CHLORIDE CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS HAVE HIGH BOILING POINTS CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS HAVE REGULAR SHAPES

NaOH SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)

LIEBIG CONDENSER X PURE WATER SALT

A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION CONTAINS A LOT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN THE SOLVENT. A DILUTE SOLUTION CONTAINS A SMALL AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN SOLUTE.

60 DEGREES THE SOLUBILITY INCREASES AS THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES

IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE BROKEN INTO ANYTHING SIMPLER BY CHEMICAL MEANS TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE CHEMICALLY COMBINED.

We placed small pieces of universal indicator paper on a white tile and put a drop of each of the solutions being tested, in turn, on each of the test papers. We noted the colour change and find the pH from the colour chart. ORANGE JUICEVINEGAR

HCl CALCIUM CARBONATE

MORE DENSE THAN AIR NO EFFECT ON THE RED LITMUS TURNS BLUE LITMUS RED

REFRIDGERATION FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

PLACE EQUAL VOLUMES OF A & B IN TWO TEST TUBES. ADD TWO DROPS OF SOAP SOLUTION TO BOTH AND SHAKE. SEE WHICH FORMS PERMANENT SUDS. ‘A’ WONT FORM SUDS ‘B’ WILL FORM SUDS EASILY

CALCIUM IONS CALCIUM SALTS SETTLING FILTRATION CHLORINATION FLUORIDATION FILTRATION TAKES OUT ALL VISIBLE DIRT

Atoms of the same element which have different numbers of neutrons. Hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide Manganese dioxide

Sulphur dioxide It reacts with it causing it to wear away.

Use the same volume/strength of acid each time. CALCIUM, magnesium, zinc, copper

2, 8, 8, 1 CaCO 3 + H 2 O

To increase the conductivity of the water. Burns with a loud pop There are 2 H atoms for every O atom in water

Burette Pipette Release the acid from the burette, using the tap, into the base in the conical flask. Continue until the indicator in the conical flask changes colour. The volume of acid released can be read from the side of the burette. This is the volume required to neutralise the base.

Hydrochloric acidSodium hydroxide HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O

It moves up the paper with the water and the colours separate from each other. The spot will move with the water level and show no separation

They need a container with a lid to contain them. They do not flow

The gas will take up more space when hot The oxygen is used up. This causes the decrease. Remains Steady because no more oxygen left. Nitrogen No proper measurement markings on the bell jar.

any one from: beryllium/ magnesium/ calcium/ strontium/ barium/ radium

change of colour/ becomes flakey change of texture/ becomes softer looses strength tarnish/ rust (i) calcium chloride/ drying agent labelled/ clearly named in text (ii) boiled (de-gassed) water/ water with no air labelled/ clearly named in text oil labelled/ clearly named in text stoppers not required [no diagram/s deduct 3 or 6 marks]