 Nationalism incorporated culture into music.  Until now, French, German, and Italian music dominated.

THE MIGHTY FIVE  Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov ( )  Wrote “Scheherazade” and “Cappriccio Espagnol”  Modest Mussorgsky ( )  Alexander Borodin ( )  Cesar Cui ( )  Mily Balakirev ( )

 Wanted to promote Russian music  Used native instruments, folklore, legends, history, and folksongs. The Mighty Five EXCLUDED Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( ) because he was too cosmopolitan.

 Composed The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, 1812 Overture

Impressionism avoids clear lines, is blurred, and subtle. It is connected to art – impressionistic paintings by Monet, van Gogh, etc.

 Claude Debussy ( )  Born in Paris, France  Studied piano and composition at the Paris Conservatory  Maurice Ravel ( )  Studied composition at the Paris Conservatory  Was denied the Prix de Rome FOUR times and was outraged  Drove the ambulance at the front lines of WWI  Friends with George Gershwin (jazz influence)

 Neoclassicism  New music inspired by the Baroque and Classical periods

( ) Born in St. Petersburg, Russia Father was a bass in the St. Petersburg opera, but urged Stravinsky to pursue a more practical career. Stravinsky studied law, then composition at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with Rimsky-Korsakov.

 Composed for the Ballet Russe (important ballet company in Russia)  Escaped to Switzerland during the war  1920 – Lived in France  1939 – WWII (death of his daughter, wife, and mother)  Moved to the US to lecture at Harvard  After 1 year, he moved to LA, became a US citized in  1969 – Moved to NYC (died there)

 Wrote many ballets including:  Rite of Spring  Firebird

 Atonal Music  Rejection of Impressionism  Expressed one’s “inner world” as described by Freud  Main Composer was Arnold Schoenberg ( )

 Born in Vienna  Violin, Composed  He was self-taught  Served in WWI  Known for his 12 tone method – atonal, used 12 note tone rows  1925 – Professor at Berlin Academy of the Arts  Compositions include string music, operas, piano music; “Pierrot Lunaire”

 Everyday sounds as music  Never the same twice  John Cage – wrote a piece called 4 min 33 sec

 George Gershwin ( )  Russian-Jewish immigrant parents  Born in Brooklyn, NY  Excelled in sports  1910 – started piano lessons  Jobs – earned $15/week playing piano and was a song plugger for Remick Music Co.  Compositions – musical theater and jazz Porgy & Bess, Rhapsody in Blue, I Got Rhythm

“I Got Rhythm”

 Aaron Copland ( )  Born Brooklyn, NY  Russian-Jewish Parents  Studied music as a child, then in Paris  1924 – Returned to the US  Wanted to compose music that would be identified as “Americana” and appeal to a variety of audiences  Used Jazz and Folk Songs in his music  “American Nationalism”  Compositions include: Rodeo, Appalachain Spring, Fanfare for the Common Man, Billy the Kid

 Leonard Bernstein ( )  Born in Massachusets  Parents were Russian Immigrants  Age 10 – piano, Age 13 – First piano recital and barmitzvah (dad gave him a baby grand piano)  Music major at Harvard  Met Aaron Copland (composition advisor)  Studied at Curtis Institute in Philly (PA)  Conductor of the NY Philharmonic and substitute conductor at Carnegie Hall  Wrote West Side Story, ballets, Candide  Died of cancer (smoker) in NYC in 1990