Management issues, capacity building and research needs for capture fisheries By: Purwito Martosubroto National Commission for Fish Stock Assessment Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

Brief history of capture fisheries development in Indonesia Fast development occurred in 1970s with the development of trawl fisheries in the western part of Indonesia (small wooden trawlers – relatively small size) and in the eastern part (large steel trawlers – relatively large size) Development of purse-seine fisheries in the Java Sea following trawl ban in 1980 Licensed foreign fishing in the EEZ started in 1986; trawl fishing in the EEZ of Arafura Sea, South China Sea; purse seine in the EEZ of Sulawesi Sea and the Pacific Ocean Fast development of longline fishing at the end of 1980s with primary target for fresh (chilled) tuna market

Legal and institutional framework Period before 1985, rules and regulation in fisheries are stipulated through various Decrees (President and Ministerial Decrees). The Directorate General of Fisheries of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Provincial Fisheries Services of respective Provincial Governments are responsible for the development and management of fisheries in national and provincial context respectively. Fisheries Law No. 9/1985 was enacted, however, fisheries management was still loosely defined. Fisheries Law No. 31/2004, fisheries management was firstly defined. Authorization of fishing license was partially delegated to Provincial Government for which authorization of license for fishing vessels of 10-30GT has been given to the Provincial Government, and of 5- 10GT to the District Government.

Legal and institutional framework (continued) The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, the Provincial and District Fisheries Services are responsible for the development and management of fisheries. Governance Law No. 32/2004 stipulated the distribution of resources management responsibility in the country for which the Provincial Government has area of jurisdiction of 12 miles of the coast, the District Government of 4 miles or 1/3 the jurisdiction of the Provincial Government and the remaining is for the Central Government.

Fisheries Management In the central Government, fisheries management responsibility does not rest in one unit in the MOMAF but it distributes at least in 4 DGs: DG for Capture Fisheries, DG for Surveillance, DG for Research and DG for Coastal and Small Islands Development. In the Provincial Government similar situation exists for which no single unit responsible for fisheries management. This reality demands strong coordination among various units within the government if fisheries management should work effectively.

Management Issues Overfishing occurs in various parts of the country (about 26% of total fish stock). Factors contributing to overfishing include: ►Institution : inadequate coordination effort in management among various units in the central as well as provincial and district level government (open access regime for fishing vessels of 30GT and less). ►Management area: the concept of management unit is not well defined. Management unit is required if one to establish fisheries management plan ►Data and information on catch and fishing effort are lacking due to the poor data available from stakeholders ►Limited number of association of stakeholders which hinders adequate communication between government and stakeholders. ►IUU fishing (by domestic and foreign fishing vessels)

In addition to the above factors, it is unfortunate that “open access” regime still persist in fisheries policy of most of the Provincial Governments (hence coastal area) which obviously contributes to the inefficiency in fisheries management. No wonder that overexploitation of resources still flourish in various parts of coastal areas.

Capacity Building Needs Training on fisheries management (priority for application in the tropics) for staff of MMOF and Fisheries Services in the Provinces and Districts. Training on how to develop and familiarize fisheries management plan. Study tour to familiarise the staff of MOMAF with the management practice in neighbouring countries (developed and developing country) Extension training for stakeholders on the need of responsible fisheries as well as on cost and benefit of fisheries management establishment. Development of pilot project for the application of fisheries management in a small scale.

Research Needs Management oriented resources- and socio- economic research as well as research in the area of policy analysis are obviously required; they include : –Assessment of the spawning fish stock in the highly exploited and overexploited fisheries resources –Basic research on life cycle of commercially important species for a certain fishery as to comprehend element of importance for stock assessment and in the effort to develop fishing strategy. –Socio-economic research addressing efficiency of management of a fishery

Research Needs (continued) –Risk analysis of current fisheries management practice. –Socio-economic analysis on the behavior of stakeholders