lab (4 ) Immunity and inflammation
the capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering to the body
Inflammation is the immune response of tissue injury type of tissue injury Burn Chemical irritation Toxin Infection of pathogens( e.g viral. Bacterial ) Physical injury and trouma Immune reaction (hyper sensitivity) Foreign body
Type of inflammation Acute inflammation chronic inflammation
Is initiated by WBC already present in all tissue (macrophage, dendritic cell and mast cell) this cell undergo activation and release inflammatory mediator (chemotaxis e.g cytokine,) responsible for clinical signs of inflammation and cell activation phathophysiology phathophysiology
clinical signs of inflammation (Rubor ): redness (calor) heat : caused by vasodilatation and increase blood flow Edema; caused by increase the permeability of blood vessels results the in exudation of plasma protein and fluid in to the tissue. Pain (dolor) due to stimulation of pin receptors *Acute inflammation it take Short duration ; minutes hours,few days
Resolution complete healing fibrosis and scarring abscess formation: cavity containing buss(liquid containing dead WBC and bacteria with debris from destroyed cells chronic inflammation.
Chronic inflammation Longer duration than acute phase presence of Lymphocytes and macrophage Proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis and presence of necrosis
In Chronic inflammation,the inflammatory response is out of proportion to the threat, or it is directed against inappropriate target Result; allergies and auto immune disease
Allergies Autoimmune Diseases Immune Complex Diseases Immunodeficiency Diseases Cancers of the Immune System
primary immune deficiency disease are those caused by inherited genetic mutations Secondary or acquired immune deficiencies are caused by something outside the body such as a virus or immune suppressing drugs.
is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The illness interferes with the immune system making people with AIDS much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic,tumors, and skin rash Transmitted by fluid exchange :blood,semen, and vaginal fluid
people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like low grad Fevers, swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune complication of streptococcal infections. Rheumatic fever is expressed as arthritis,or inflammation of the heart. It cause fever Heart (cardiac) problems, shortness of breath and chest pain Joint pain and swelling, arthritis(mainly in the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists) Skin nodules, and skin rash
Skin nodules Skin rash
Glomerulonephritis,: is a renal disease (usually of both kidneys) characterized by inflammation of the of glomeruli (AB against glomeruli basement membrane. It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria or as a nephritic syndrome, renal failure, or chronic renal failure.
Glomerulonephritis
Myasthenia gravis Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability. This autoimmune response produces antibodies that block the muscle cells from receiving messages (neurotransmitters -acetylcholine receptor -)from the nerve cell.
Lupus erythematosus autoimmune disease Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs
SLE butterfly rash
31 years old male came to emergency clinic suffering of sever diarrhea, coughing and chills. He has history of blood transfusion 2 years ago Physical examination show: Low grade fever Left hand skin rash Lymph nodes swollen blood analysis confirmd presence of HIV AB +
1) What is the probably diagnosis? Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
2) What is the etology of AIDS? aa. Human pabiloma viral infection bb. Hiv viral infection cc. Cryptococcal meningitis
3) Any of the immune system cells may be infected with HIV virus? a)CD8 T toxic lymphocyte B) lymphocyte c) CD4 T helper lymphocyte
4) How the HIV virus transmeted? Transmitted by fluid exchange :blood,semen, vaginal fluid …ets