Group 5
America had disagreements with the implementation of rules of Spain in Cuba Yellow journalism accused Spain of numerous misdeeds USS Maine ship exploded and killed 266 U.S. Soldiers in February 1898 ◦ The Spanish forces were held responsible for this War spread out to the different Spanish colonies ◦ One of them is the Philippines
Happened on May 1, 1891 A battle between Spanish and American fleets ◦ American forces were led by Commodore George Dewey ◦ Spanish fleets were headed by Admiral Patricio Montojo Americans won
Took place on August 13, 1898 Was considered “mock” because it was agreed on and pre-planned - Spain had plans to surrender to the Americans to avoid disgrace Paved way for the Treaty of Paris
A peace agreement between Spain and America ◦ The former would give the latter control of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines for $20M. Signed on December 10, 1898 in Paris, France Followed by the Philippine-American War
Started when a Filipino was shot at the Pinaglabanan Bridge by an American. The Philippine side of the war was led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Battle of Tirad Pass ◦ Led by Gen. Gregorio del Pilar ◦ 60 Filipinos battled to defend Tirad Pass in order to stop Americans from pursuing Aguinaldo ◦ Filipinos were outnumbered but Aguinaldo had time to escape ◦ Emilio Aguinaldo was finally captured in 1901and American soldiers took over
Antonio Luna Miguel Malvar Manuel Tinio Macario Sakay Licerio Geronimo Vicente Lukban
Lasted from 1898 to 1901 Military Governors were: ◦ Gen. Wesley Merritt ◦ Gen. Elwell Otis ◦ Gen. Arthur McArthur American military had executive power and was in charge of the PhilippinesACCOMPLISHMENTS - a school system where the teachers were American soldiers - Peace in some areas of the country - Civil courts such as the Supreme Court
Established on July 4, 1901 Gave Filipinos the opportunity to participate in government affairs First civil Governor was William Taft, last was Frank Murphy Executive power of the military was transfered to the Governor in charge
Also known as the Philippine Bill of 1902 States the creation of the Philippine assembly whose members are elected by the people. ◦ Would be granted once the Philippines becomes peaceful Philippine Assembly was finally created on October 16, 1907 ◦ Manuel Quezon was the leader while Sergio Osmeña as the Speaker of the Assembly
Granted the Filipinos rights except when on court trial Allowed Filipinos to represent their country in Washington as resident commissioners
Approved on August 19, 1916 Promises independence to Filipinos when government is stable ◦ Legislative power goes to the upper and lower houses of Philippine Legislature ◦ Executive power goes to the American governor general ◦ Judicial power goes to the Supreme and lower courts Bill of Rights was included ◦ Freedom of speech and press, religion, to form assembly and to seek happiness
Declaration of Purposes ◦ Declared the longing of the Filipinos to be free Independence Commission ◦ Was made to discuss procedures to gain independence ◦ 12 missions were sent to the U.S. OSROX ◦ An independence mission made by Osmeña and Roxas ◦ Led to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT States that Philippines will be given Independence after a 10-year period under Commonwealth Some Filipinos were for it while some weren’t ◦ Among those who disagreed is Manuel Quezon Rejected by the legislature TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT Since the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was not approved, Tydings-McDuffie Act was made ◦ Quezon met with President Roosevelt of the U.S. to discuss a better law similar to the H-H-C Act Created the Commonwealth Government
Inaugurated on November 15, 1935 Under the 1935 Constitution A ten-year preparatory period for independence ◦ Philippines was still under America, but being assisted in organizing the country Foci of government programs ◦ National Defense, Social justice, national language and morality ◦ Offices such as Departments of Justice, Labor, etc. were created Leaders were elected by Filipinos Leaders were: ◦ Manuel L. Quezon ( ) ◦ Sergio Osmeña ( ) ◦ Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946-July 4, 1946)
Schools were co-educational and public First teachers were American soldiers ◦ Topics included the English language, civics, history, health and arts. ◦ Education was based on the American point of view to control Filipinos and gain their support 600 teachers arrived on August 23,1901and were called Thomasites Public schools include the elementary, secondary, college, etc. Filipinos also had the opportunity to teach ◦ The Philippine Normal University was created in 1902 in Manila to teach Filipinos teaching methods
Relationship between the Church and state was destroyed Americans brought in Protestantism ◦ However, Catholicism was still the primary religion Protestant missionaries were sent to the different places in the Philippines ◦ They helped in charity works and teaching, and built schools, churches, hospitals and more infrastructure