Energy Consumption since 1820 gailtheactuary.files.wordpress.com

World Energy 2010

Wind Power Facts One of the Oldest Forms of Energy Wind Power is Solar Power Wind Farms Pose no Threat to Birds (NSA 2007) US Wind Turbines Could Power Colorado as of % of U.S. Electricity Production in US States Have Wind Farms World Wind Power 4x higher, 2000 to

Turbine Types Windy II Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Vertical Axis – More Types A FloWind 19m Darrieus vertical-axis wind turbine 2 kw image.made-in-china.com

Wind Turbine Parts

Wind Farm upload.wikimedia.org

Wind Farms staff.fcps.net blog.oregonlive.com On a Farm 

Aerial View Google map farms

Size

Size theforestvoice.org

Size upload.wikimedia.org

Size gallery.usgs.gov135-ft blade

US Wind Map 80-meter (m) height

US Wind Map & Transmission mocoalliance.org

NJ Wind Map US DOE Map 30 m Wind Height

Measuring Wind Speed Tower SODAR Anemometer

Wind Speed & Height U = U r (Z/Z r )  – Where U = wind speed, m/s, at wind height Z, m; U r & Z r are a known reference wind speed & height,  = wind power law exponent  = 0.11 often used for open water  = often used for open land

Wind Example 1: Height An Anemometer tower is used to measure the wind speed at 15 m – The wind speed is 5 m/s Estimate the wind speed at 30 m – Assume  = 0.143

Wind Power P w = 0.5  A V 3 – Where P w = power of wind, W;  = air density kg/m 3 ; A = Area of wind flow, m 2 ; V = wind velocity, m/s W = Watts = N m / s (Newton meter per second) Theoretical maximum efficiency of wind turbine is 0.59 – Cannot extract all power from wind or it would stop! – Commercial horizontal axis turbines: 0.3 to 0.4 efficiency 0.1 to 0.3 if electricity generation & distribution considered – So Electrical Power from Turbine = ~0.2 P w

Wind Example 2: Wind Power Given: – Wind speed, V = 5 m/s – Blade radius, R = 50 m – Air density,  = kg m -3 What wind power passes through area swept by blades?

Wind Rose

Yearly Wind Distribution Sea Girt Wind Study, Rowan University

Wind Turbine Power Curve

Wind Speed Bin (m/s) Hours/Year (From Anemometer Tower) Power Curve (kW) (Skystream 3.7) Electricity (kWh)  = 8760 hrs  = 2598 kWh Wind Example 3: Electricity Generation

Wind Speed Bin (m/s) Hours/Year (From Anemometer Tower) Power Curve (kW) (Skystream 3.7) Electricity (kWh)  = 8760 hrs  = 2598 kWh Wind Example 3: Electricity Generation Column 1 = Wind Speed Bins (0-1 m/s, 1-2 m/s, etc.) Column 2 = Hours / year wind is within a given Bin (from wind assessment) Column 3 = Power Curve of Turbine (from Manufacturer or independent study) Column 4 = Electricity Produced by turbine for each Bin

Wind Example 4: Sea Girt-Skystream 3.7 Economics Cost of Skystream 3.7 = $13,300 – Electricity (Skystream at Sea Girt) = 2,600 kWh/yr – NJ CEP $3.20/kWh rebate = 2,600 kWh · $3.20/kWh = $8,320 – Net cost = $13,300 - $8,320 = $4980 Revenue – Electricity = $0.12/kWh – WRECs = $0.05/kWh – Net Revenue = Simple payback =

Turbine Siting - Turbulence

Wake Turbulence

Turbine Spacing - Shadowing

Environment / Safety Issues Habitat Disruption Bird Mortality Bat Mortality Noise Flicker Blade Throw, Ice Throw, Tower collapse

Habitat Destruction johnrsweet.combetterplan.squarespace.com

Birds

UK sensitive bird areas

Birds

Bats betterplan.squarespace.com

Noise mikechristie.files.wordpress.com

Shadow Flicker quixoteslaststand.com

Ice Throw wpcore.wpe.s3.amazonaws.comwww.wind-watch.org

Buffers

Buffer Zones Ice Throw – 1.5 * (hub height + rotor diameter) Tower Collapse – 110 % of max height (to tip of blade pointing straight up) Rotor Fragmentation Noise (Germany) – “quiet regions” [35 dB(A)]: 1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft) – “middle regions” [(40 dB(A)]: 600-1,000 m (1,969-3,281 ft) – “standard region” [(45 dB(A)]: m (984-1,969 ft) Flicker – Typical Buffers, Vegetative Buffers – Site specific determination of incidence of flickering Birds & Bats – 0.25 to 0.5 miles from nesting areas? – 500 m? 800 m?

Wind Farm Site Plan