1. E3A: Small Wind Energy Checklist Key Considerations for Small Wind

2. Objective Review the Top 10 Questions for determining if small wind is right for you!

3. Question #1: Am I willing to learn about small wind? Factors Complicating Small Wind – Wind is a variable resource Nothing holds still! – Lack of industry standardization Buyer-beware market Choices – Educate yourself – Hire someone to educate you – Accept risk of performance that does not match expectations

4. Question #2 Have you considered energy conservation and efficiency? Efficiency will (almost) always: – Have a better return on investment – Reduce the system size needed – Improve the return on investment for your renewable system

5. Understand Your Electrical Consumption in Three Simple Steps 1.Contact your utility for your annual energy consumption (in kWh) 2.Analyze your statement – understand which fees can be reduced with a renewable energy system and which cannot 3.Total your kilowatt hours and determine your cost of energy on a kilowatt hour basis

6. Average Residential Electrical Consumption Montana Residential Customer – Average use of 856 kWh per month (10,272/ year) – About $76.48 per month Wyoming Residential Customer – Average use of 887 kWh per month (10,644/year) – About $76.12 per month

7. A Common Question… So….What size wind system would I need? Source: Paul Gipe

8. ROUGH Estimate of Turbine Size Calculate Your Load Total Kilowatts/8760 Hours Per Year Divide by 0.1 to 0.2 Average MT 10,272/ 8760 = 1.17 1.17/.1 = 11.72 1.17/.2 = 5.85 This is a very rough way of finding the largest size turbine for your home. Courtesy of Jacobs Wind Electric Company, www.jacobswind.net

9. Using a Buying Guide to Determine Size A more accurate method is to use a buying guide. Requires good assessment of wind speed

10. Question #3 Do you have a good wind resource? Wind Varies by: – Site – Topography – Weather – Time of Day – Time of Year (Seasonality) – Year (Variances from year-to-year)

11. Realities of Wind Assessment with Free Data Free mapping tools often use publically available data and wind “modeling” – Accuracy varies – Difficult to know which data was used – Difficult to know hub height of collection – Seasonality calculations can be off for mountainous regions Provide a “guesstimate” Consultants or dealers should have access to better data

12. This is a WIND turbine - wind matters! Things to Notice – A = doubling swept area yields 4x power output – v = cubic function – doubling v yields 8x the power! – Air density also matters! ENERGY=(1/2) X (AIR DENSITY) X (VELOCITY)3 X (SWEPT AREA OF ROTOR) ENERGY=(1/2) X (AIR DENSITY) X (VELOCITY)3 X (SWEPT AREA OF ROTOR)

13. Wind Direction: Wind Rose from a Site in Montana

14. Wind Shear AWEA – most small wind manufacturers recommend a tower height of at least 65 feet (20 m)

15. Wind Distribution

16. Wind Turbulence and Obstruction

17. Question #4 Are you comfortable with some uncertainty? In small wind, we use best “guesses” for: Actual wind speed and characteristics at your site Actual turbine production – The next slides will discuss some of the challenges associated with determining energy output.

18. Annual Energy Output Best measure and most easily compared Determining calculations can be difficult for a consumer – Highly dependent on accurately pegging the average wind speed! – Many AEO provided by manufacturers in a range of average annual wind speeds of 8 to 14 mph – Some experts suggests that you multiply the AEO provided by 75% to account for overstatement of actual (NREL)

19. Easy to measure and not subject to differing definitions or standards – Provides easy comparisons between machines – “New” functions, may influence production, but overall square footage is greatest determining factor. “What we really want to know is kWh per month, but until we get more independent testing done, swept area is a good guide.” » Mike Kleman Swept Area and Rotor Diameter Output is Primarily a Function of Swept Area (  r2)

20. Factors in of Uncertainty Energy Output Different and confusing terms used by manufacturers to describe output (See E3A Small Wind Fact Sheet #4) Other issues: – Assume 7-15% losses for issues like icing, yaw, grid-tie inverters, etc. – Assume variance in wind speed of +/- 10-15% per year (can be as much as 30%)

21. Tips for Reducing Margin of Error Determine annual consumption Determine average wind speed Use buying guides to determine what size swept area will be appropriate for the amount of consumption Start shopping for turbines that have that swept area – Pay attention to issues like rated wind speed – Go for tried and true over fun and funky Hire an experienced and qualified installer or consultant!

22. Question 5 Are you willing to invest in a tall tower? Hub height of turbine needs to be at least 30 feet above tallest obstacle within 500 feet. – BTW – Trees grow! Minimum tower height is 65 feet (20 meters) Tower may cost 2-5 times the amount of the turbine Why a tall tower??? – Must get above turbulent air – Wind shear = power production – “Putting a wind turbine on a short tower is like putting a solar panel in the shade.”

23. Question 6 Can you finance a small wind system? For grid-connected systems – Rough cost estimates of $4K-$8K per kilowatt – Assume average home at 10,116 kWh (off-setting almost all consumption) at $5K/kW = $50,000 Off-grid systems are usually smaller, so total wind turbine costs are lower, but there are other system components and batteries that add to the total cost.

24. Turbine Cost Example

25. Energy Cost Retail Electricity Rates EIA Data: June. 2010 kWh Rate Value of 15,000 kWh Montana$0.093$1,395 California$0.155$2,325

26. Is a 45% Subsidy Realistic? Federal Residential Renewable Energy Tax Credit: 30% of qualified costs Montana Residential Alternative Energy Tax Credit: $500/person or $1,000/household Universal Services Benefit Grant: $2/watt up to $10,000 for wind Renewable Energy Revolving Loan Fund (when available): Up to $60,000 at 4% rate for 15 years

27. Revenue from Net Metering Three Sources: – Subsidies/Incentive Payments Significant in the first year! Remember: Most subsidies are rebates or tax incentive, not purchase price discounts!! – Electricity Sales (Reduced Purchases) kWh produced * electricity rate = Annual Revenue – Renewable Electricity Credits (RECs) Selling the “renewable” aspects of the electricity generation Small portion of total revenue, especially for small wind Understand Off-Sets and Incentives!

28. Question 7 Do you have available space? Minimum requirement is ½ acre around tower site – NREL recommends minimum of 2-3 acres for turbines of 10 kW or more – Many areas increase size requirements in ordinances from 1-5 acres (especially for larger systems) Perhaps a better question: – Do you have available space at the site that has a good wind resource?? Think ahead – are new buildings being planned near your site? Trees???

29. Question 8 Is wind allowed in your area? Check zoning and ordinances (homeowners association covenants) – Some restrictions on height, noise, etc. may not be written for wind, but will apply Will utility allow net metering? – If so check system size and true up period What about your neighbors?

30. Question 9 Are you willing to maintain the system? Are you willing to climb the tower? Costs – Some estimates of $0.01 to $0.02 per kilowatt hour – More realistic based on replacement parts – 1-2% of installed cost per annum At least annual maintenance – Bearings – Blades – Tower foundation/guy wires – Any and all moving parts!

31. Question 10 Are you willing to live with wind? Ice Shedding Lightening Flicker Homeowners Insurance Property Taxes

32. Impacts of Wind Power Noise Modern turbines are relatively quiet Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses Birds and Bats Source: KidWind

33. Question Review If you answered “yes” to most of these questions, you may be a good candidate for small wind! If you answered “no” to: – Questions 3, 6, or 7, you are probably not a good candidate for small wind. – Questions 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 or 10, you may wish to do more homework and research before you invest If you answered “uncertain” to most of these questions, you need to do more research before you can decide if wind is right for you.