Common Commercial Construction Materials Chapter 45 Common Commercial Construction Materials

Links for Chapter 45 Wood Steel Construction Concrete Block Common Connectors Poured Concrete Related Web Sites

Wood Platform construction is similar to residential construction Walls are framed the same but require a different finish to obtain a specific fire rating Roof trusses or joists are 24” to 36” o.c. Purlins are smaller beams placed between larger beams

Wood

Wood Heavy timber includes members 5” X 5” up to 12” X 12” Used for appearance and structural reasons Excellent fire-rating Represent posts with lines similar to the walls Represent beams with dashed lines Use text to note both beams and posts

Wood

Wood Laminated beams are smaller members glued together for a stronger beam Used in open areas like churches and gyms Single-span beams are used in standard platform framing Tudor and three-hinged arch members are a post-and-beam system combined

Wood Beams are represented in four different ways

Concrete Block Concrete blocks are durable and relatively inexpensive to maintain and install Manufactured in 8 X 8 X 16 modules Actual block is smaller to allow for mortar Walls even numbered should end in 0” or 8” Walls odd numbered long should end in 4”

Concrete Block Bold lines represent edges of the masonry Thin lines represent hatching the edge of the wall at 45° Dimension the size and location of blocks on the floor plan Pilasters are thick parts of the foundation used to carry heavier loads

Concrete Block

Concrete Block Steel reinforcement, called rebar, improves resistance to tension forces Rebar ranges from 3/8” to 1 3/8” diameter and is deformed or smooth

Concrete Block Steel is centered in the wall cavity Specify the quantity of bars, size, direction, and grade Steel is not drawn in floor plan

Poured Concrete Concrete is made of sand and gravel bonded with cement and water Steel reinforcement is used inside a form Forms are used to pour concrete into Show sizes and steel placement on the drawing Floors are usually reinforced poured concrete

Poured Concrete

Poured Concrete Walls or other components are formed off site and transported to the job site Sections are joined with a metal flange Prestressed concrete has cables placed in them and they are pulled before the concrete hardens

Poured Concrete

Poured Concrete Tilt-up is a method of using preformed wall panels which are lifted in place Concrete is poured around the steel

Steel Construction Steel studs meet requirements for Type 1, 2, and 3 construction methods Designed for rapid assembly Lightweight, noncombustible, and strong Range in size from 3 5/8” to 10” Produced with 12 to 20 gage steel Specify as: 362SJ20 STEEL STUDS BY UNIMAST

Steel Construction Steel joists offer the same advantages over wood as steel studs Nested joists are placed around another joist Available in lengths up to 40’ Can support greater loads over longer spans Specify as:14K4 OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST@32” O.C.

Steel Construction Corrugated steel decking is used for lightweight floors Steel decking is attached to the floor or roof with screws or welds

Steel Construction Prefabricated steel structures are built in modular units with given spans, wall heights, and lengths Tapered members allow a minimum amount of material to be used Metal siding is screwed to girts to complete the wall

Steel Construction The Manual of Steel Construction (AISC) is the code book for steel construction

Steel Construction Steel is specified as a plate, bar, or a shape Specify sizes, steel type, and other information on drawings Joints for steel construction are either welded or bolted

Common Connection Methods Nails are common connectors for wood less than 1 1/2” thick Must penetrate a connecting member by half of its thickness Nails are common, deformed, box, and spikes Measured as a penny (d) Specify as: 2 X 6 DFL SILL W/20d’s@4” O.C.

Common Connection Methods Nailing is determined by how accessible the nail head is during construction Face Nailing - Nail is driven through face of one board into face of another End Nailing - Nail goes through face of one board into then end of another

Common Connection Methods Nail placing methods Toe Nailing - Nails are driven through faces and are at 90° to each other Blind Nailing - Nails are not seen such as in flooring materials Edge, field, and boundary nailing refer to the placement of nails on the sheathing

Common Connection Methods

Common Connection Methods Staples are used connecting asphalt roofing materials Power-driven studs are used to anchor wood or metal to masonry members

Common Connection Methods Screws are twisted into the material and are resistant to withdrawal Flathead, roundhead, and lag screws are most common Specify the diameter, length, type, and if washers are used

Common Connection Methods

Common Connection Methods Metal framing connectors are used to strengthen nailed connections Specify on plans by listing model number and type of connector Nails or bolts are used with the metal fastener for extra support

Common Connection Methods

Common Connection Methods Bolts include anchor, machine, and carriage Anchor bolts are L-shaped and are inserted into the concrete to hold lumber down Machine bolts are used to attach steel and wood members Carriage bolts connect steel to other metal members

Common Connection Methods Other bolts include stud, drift, expansion and toggle Washers keep the bolt head and nut from pulling through the wood

Common Connection Methods

Common Connection Methods Welding provides a rigid connection between pieces of steel Welded pieces become one Welding is stronger, greater resistance to shear or rotational forces, and can support greater loads Specify welds with a symbol and notation

Common Connection Methods

Common Connection Methods Fillet welds are formed in the internal corner of two pieces of steel Square groove weld is used when the steel edges are perpendicular and joined end to end V-groove weld is when the steel forms a V shape

Common Connection Methods Beveled weld is when one piece of steel has a beveled edge U-groove weld is when two mating pieces form a U J-groove weld is when one piece has a perpendicular edge and the other has a curved grooved edge

Common Connection Methods

Common Connection Methods

Related Web Sites American Institute of Steel Construction - www.aisc.org American Institute of Timber Construction - www.aitc-glulam.org American Welding Society - www.aws.org Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute - www.crsi.org Steel Joist Institute - www.steeljoist.org