Contemporary Age

English Colonialism in India Problems in India Poverty Lack of religious tolerance Political division: India was a mosaic of over 500 states Incidents came to happen often, sometimes even massacres How could a country with liberal traditions mantain an authoritarian empire which ultimetely rests on force? Social Darwinsm explained a “special genius of the Anglo-Saxon race” and the “racial superiority” of English people English people thought the stability of India depended on the British Army How could a country with liberal traditions mantain an authoritarian empire which ultimetely rests on force? Social Darwinsm explained a “special genius of the Anglo-Saxon race” and the “racial superiority” of English people English people thought the stability of India depended on the British Army Incidents came to happen often, sometimes even massacres How could a country with liberal traditions mantain an authoritarian empire which ultimetely rests on force? Social Darwinsm explained a “special genius of the Anglo-Saxon race” and the “racial superiority” of English people English people thought the stability of India depended on the British Army Problems in India Poverty Lack of religious tolerance Political division: India was a mosaic of over 500 states Incidents came to happen often, sometimes even massacres Problems in India Poverty Lack of religious tolerance Political division: India was a mosaic of over 500 states Incidents came to happen often, sometimes even massacres They saw modern India as a result of their work. It was common opinion that all that was positive in India had its roots in British rule.

The end of British Rule in India Causes Labour government in Britain Britain was economically ruined and financially dependent on the USA Feeling against imperialism was increasing among the British people English Influences in India Education Education Language Religion Hierarchy and EqualityHierarchy and Equality Independence of Pakistan and India: 14° and 15° August 1947

British Indians in the UK Indian people born in the UK who are of Indian descent, and Indian-born people who have migrated to the UK. End of II World WarBreakup of the British Empire Indian migration in the UK increased Distinct phases can be identified: : Manual workers were recruited to fulfil the labour shortage; Medical staff were recruited for the newly formed National Health Service : : East African Indians in the UK after they were expelled from Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar 21° century 21° century: Indian community represents 1.8% of the UK’s population

Immigration from Ireland, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Caribbean, South Africa, Kenya, Hong Kong, Malta and Cyprus MULTICULTURALISM Different cultures coexist “State multiculturalism is a wrong-headed doctrine that has had disastrous results. It has fostered difference between communities.. And it has stopped us from strengthening our collective identity. Multiculturalism was manipulated to entrench the right to difference – which is a divisive concept. What we need is the right to equal treatment despite difference”. 5 February 2011 Cameron

Riots 2011 Mark Duggan Police shooting of Mark Duggan on 4° August 2011 Peaceful march Peaceful march on 6° August 2011 Between 6° and 10° August 2011, several London districts of cities and towns across England suffered widespread rioting, looting and arson EFFECTS Deaths (five people died) Injuries (at least sixteen people) Crimes accross London (a total of 3443) Property and business damage

Contributory factors to the riots Social issues: illiteracy, drug abuse, poverty, growing gap between rich and poor, high unemployment Government cuts and low economic growth Moral decay at the top: Daily Telegraph Columnist Peter Oborne said: “Moral decay is just as bad at the top of society as it is at the bottom” Failure of the penal system.

Welfare It’s a concept of government in which the State plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It’s also called “Keynesian State” from John Maynard Keynes. It had been intensively since the end of the World War II. Welfare The State begins to play a decisive role in economic and institutional dynamics. Functions of the State Income redistribution Macroeconomic stabilization Regulation of market Liberal Model Liberal State arose almost extraneous to the economic system. Jhon Maynard Keynes

The father of the Welfare state is Lord Beveridge who identified : Disease Want Ignorance Squalor Idleness And found a new way to relieve these five giant evils that plagued society, “All people working age should pay a weekly national insurance contribution. In return benefits would be paid to people who were sick, unemployed, retired or widowed.” In the same period he promoted the BIRTH OF National Insurance Act 1946 National Assistance Board 1948 Education Act 1944 Universal Child Benefit National Health Service Baby Boom Lord Beveridge

… With the advent of the CONSERVATIVE PARTY and their leader MARGARET THATCHER this situation changed. She was elected in 1979 and was the first female Prime Minister. FIRST TERM ( ) Cuts of direct taxes Increase of indirect taxes Unemployment levels around 3 million. Thatcher lost a lot of popularity but with FALKLAND WAR (1982) her fame increase SECOND TERM ( ) Closing of 20 mines The economy grow Privatization, Beveridge model was finally abandoned. Lost of jobs Protest and strikes THIRD TERM ( ) Privatization of British gas, telecom, water, British airways and electricity Poll Tax 1989: An attempt to reform local government and finance by replacing household rates which made each voter bear a full share of the costs incurred by prodigal spending. Lost of confidence in Conservative Party and rise of Labour Party.

Margaret Thatcher She was called “The Iron Lady” for her tight control of Britain’s monetary policy.

The Role of the Woman in the 20th century  Revolution in Clothes (the bikini and the mini skirt). Politics: the emergence of the “new feminism” of the 1960s. Some demonstrations (at the Miss America competion or at the BBC ). The first feminist publishing house in The Equal Pay Bill was introduced in 1970, in 1975 the Sex Discrimation Act. They were redefining their roles as wives, mothers, lovers and workers.

Tony Blair On elections in UK in May 1997 And became the Prime Minister of the Labour Party. Members of Left wing placed Blair on the Right wing because, in their opinion, he violated the principles of the Labour Party not paying enough attention to their rights like redistribution of wealth. The other political party argued that Blair is a populist. With this election ended the 18 years of Conservative Party period.

POLICIES Made a lot of reforms: Introduced new employment rights; Constitutional Reforms ; Promoted rights for homosexuals. Increased police power Imposed the recording of DNA. Nation Identity Card Abolition of Clause 28 He agreed with Margaret Thatcher to reduce categories of Welfare payments.

At The Beginning... The origins of the Labour Party are to be found in the movement of Chartism, headed by F. Place and W. Lovett. It took its name from the People's Charter of People demanded: - Universal male suffrage; - The secret ballot - Annual Parliaments They privileged the union struggle. But the requests were not accepted and this will led to a decline of the working class movement. It was the first mass working class movement.

The Labour Party It was born in 1900 by the fusion of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and the Independent Labour Party (ILP). Was realized an agreement between the ILP and the Trade Unions that were undertaken to be involved in politics after the break with the Liberal Party. The Labour Party became interested in the economic problems of the working class instead of in the socialist political principles.

British society  Number of blue collar (manual workers) declined and number of white collar (workers in offices) increased.  In the 1950s West Indians and Asians arrived in Britain Became a Multi- cultural society.  Divorce and single parent families became common. Work and industry  In 1950s-60s became a long period of prosperity that ended in 1970s.  In the late century started a de-industrialisation process. Traditional industries like coal mining, textiles and shipbuilding declined rapidly ≠ industries of tourism, education and finance grew rapidly. Poverty  In 1945 was introduced child benefit.  In 1950 absolute poverty had almost disappeared, however there was relative poverty (when you cannot afford the things most people have).

Education  In 1947 the school age leaving was raised to 15 and in 1972 to 16  Corporal punishment, especially the cane, was abolished between 1987 and 1999  In 1960s many new universities were founded: people had more opportunities of education than ever before

Homes  From1959 to 1980 vacuum cleaner, central heating, double glazing became common  By 1960s all kinds of household goods were made of plastic  In 1950 many homes didn’t have bathrooms, the situation improved in 1960

Food  Rationing lasted until 1954, with meat and cheese.  Chinese and Indians takeaway and restaurants, pizza and hamburgers chains became common in 1980s.  From 1953 to 1963 went on sale tea bags, fish fingers and fruit-flavoured yoghurt.  From 1948 to 1979 became common Polo Mints, Bounty, Lion Bar and Twix.  By 1950s supermarkets replaced many small shops.

Transport and Communications  The first zebra crossing was introduced in 1951 and the first three-point seat belt in  The first hovercraft passenger service began in  The Channel Tunnel opened in  Cars became really common from 1960s to 1970s.  Telephone became common in 1970s, in 1990s mobile phones and s.

Music A revolution in music was led by Elvis Presley... …and Freddie Mercury: the “Britain’s first Asian rock star”.

Leisure  TV became common in 1950s:a lot of people bought a TV set to watch the coronation of Elizabeth II  BBC 2 began broadcasting in colour in  From 1980s to 1990s became common video recorders (replaced then by DVDs), portable TVs, personal computers and internet  By the 1980s people had at least 4 weeks annual holiday

Medicine  In 1948 was founded the National Health Service.  In 1960s were discovered vaccines for measles and poliomyelitis. Were also done the first pacemaker and the first heart transplant.  The first test tube baby was born in 1978 with Edward and Steptoe’s studies.  In 1980 the smallpox was eradicated. But in 1981 a terrible new disease called AIDS was isolated.  Alec Jeffrey invented DNA fingerprinting in 1989 which helped to solve numerous crimes and still does today.

Pop art: it employs aspects of mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects. The word “pop” first appeared in a collage made by the artist Eduardo Paolozzi. Minimalism: it exposes the essence of a subject through eliminating all non- essential forms, features or concepts. Postmodern art: it consists in the recycling of past styles and themes in a modern-day context, as well as the break-up of the barrier between fine and high arts and low arts and popular culture. Art

“John Lennon” by Andy Warhol “Campbell’s Soup” by Andy Warhol

Literature George Orwell is one of the most significant writers in this period. Dealing with issues such as poverty, totalitarianism and colonialism. Agatha Christie was a crime writer of novels that gave her the title of the “Queen of Crime”. A. S. Byatt with her “Possession”. In thriller writing, Ian Fleming created the character James Bond 007.

Federica Barcaroli Mina Lovaitia Agnese Picchiantano Arianna Pizzichini Andrea Martina Trifici