Chapter 16: Analysing survey data

CONTENTS Survey data analysis and types of research Spreadsheet analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Preparation SPSS procedures The analysis process

Survey data analysis and types of research (Fig. 16.1) Research typeSPSS procedures Descriptive Frequencies, Means Explanatory Crosstabulation, Comparison of means, regression Evaluative Frequencies – compared with targets or benchmarks Crosstabulations – comparing user/customer-groups Means – compared with some benchmark or target A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Explanatory research and causality Necessary conditions : Associations between variables (A changes with B) Time priority (B happens after A) Non-spurious relationships (relationships ‘make sense’) Rationale/theory (there should be an explanation) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Spreadsheet analysis (Fig. 16.1) Example using data from Campus Sporting Life questionnaire (Fig ) FREQUENCY procedure in Microsoft Excel used to produce: – frequency counts of coded variables – averages for numerical variables (age, spend) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Software package produced by SPSS inc., owned by IBM Analysis of questionnaire-based and other data – organised as cases with specified variables SPSS is effective and one of the most popular packages. Its use in this book does not imply endorsement as ‘the best’ package. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

SPSS procedures covered (Fig. 16.4) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Preparation: cases and variables: from Fig VARIABLES qnostatuscafebarmusicsporttravelcheapEtc CASESCASES A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Information required for each variable in the questionnaire Name Type – numeric, string (letters) or date Width – max. no. of characters Decimal places Label – longer version of name Values – for coded variables Missing – blanks, no answer, etc. Columns – no. of columns in Data View screen (see below) Alignment – left, right, centre (in Data View) Measure/data type – nominal, ordinal, scale A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Variable names Up to 8 characters (no spaces), beginning with a letter Not allowed: ALL AND BY EQ GT LE LT NE NOT OR TO WITH Can be: – Short version of item description (as used here), or – Var01, var02, var03 etc. or – Q1a, Q1b, Q2, Q3 etc A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Types of measure Nominal: described in words – eg. male/female Ordinal: Ranked: 1, 2, 3 … means 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd …. Scale: fully numeric A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Variable View Information on variables is entered in the SPSS ‘Variable View’ screen A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Variable view screen (Fig. 16.8)

Data View Data entered directly on the Data View screen, or Can be imported from a spreadsheet file A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Data View screen (Fig. 16.9)

Note to teachers It is not envisaged that SPSS detailed procedures would be the subject of a PowerPoint presentation: students would benefit most from following the procedures in practical sessions A copy of the Campus Sporting Life data files is available on the book website However, teachers may wish to discuss the nature/ purpose of the various procedures. Slides are therefore included with the outputs from the procedures A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Descriptives: N, Minimum, Maximum, Mean & Standard Deviation for each variable. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Descriptives: output: first few variables (Fig ) NMin.Max.Mean Std. Deviation Student status Campus pool in last 4 wks Campus gym in last 4 wks Campus squash in last 4 wks Spectators in last 4 wks Free/cheap (rank) Daytime events (rank) Not available elsewhere (rank) Socialising (rank) Quality of presentation (rank) Entertainment exp./month Relaxation opportunities – imp Etc. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Frequencies Simple counts/percentages of variables Nominal/ordinal: straightforward Numeric may need to be grouped – see Recode Frequencies form the basis for a statistical summary/appendix – see Fig A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Frequencies: output (Fig ) Student statusFrequencyPercent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent ValidF/T student/no paid work F/T student/paid work P/T student - F/T job P/T student/Other Total Frequencies for all variables: see Appendix 16.1 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Multiple Response Two types of ‘Multiple Response’ Dichotomy: Q. 2: use of services: 4 ‘yes/no’ variables – Best combined into one table Category: Q. 6: Suggestions: up to three responses per respondent = 3 variables – Best combined into one table A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Multiple Response output: Fig Dichotomy label NameCountPct of Responses Pct of Cases Campus pool in last 4 wkspool Campus gym in last 4 wksgym Campus squash in last 4 wkssquash Spectate, campus in last 4 wksspectate Total responses Category label CodeCount Pct of Responses Pct of Cases Programme content Timing Facilities Costs Organisation Total responses A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Recode Grouping/Re-grouping variable categories, especially: – presentational: numerical variables – theoretical eg. 5 categories of tourism or just two: leisure vs non-leisure? – Comparison – with other research – statistical reasons – see Ch. 17 Examples: – uncoded, ‘spend’ has 9 different answers (see Appendix 16.1): recode into 4 groups – Student status has 2 F/T and 2 P/T categories: recode into F/T and P/T A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Recode: output (Fig ) Spend recodedFrequencyPercentValid Percent Cumulative Percent £ £ £ £ Total Status recodedFrequencyPercentValid Percent Cumulative Percent Full-time student746.7 Part-time student Total A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode Mean = average Median = middle value when all cases ranked in order Mode = most popular value Only valid with scale and ordinal variables Options: – Add to ‘Frequencies’ procedure – Use ‘Means’ A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Mean, median, mode: ‘frequencies’ procedure (Fig ) Additional output from ‘Frequencies’ Relaxation opportunities - importance Social interaction - importance Fitness - importance NValid 15 Missing 000 Mean Median Mode 231 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Means procedure (Fig ) Student statusMeanNStd. Deviation* F/T student/no paid work F/T student/paid work P/T student - F/T job P/T student/Other Total Mean expenditure by student status A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Crosstabulation Table showing relationships between two or more variables Table can include one or more of the following: – counts – row % – column % – total % – statistical tests – see Ch. 17 Procedure: ‘Crosstabs’ A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Crosstabs Student status by attended live campus music: counts only Live campus music in last 4 wks Total NoYes Student status F/T student/no paid work 112 F/T student/paid work 325 P/T student - F/T job 246 P/T student/Other 112 Total 7815 Student status by attended live campus music: row percentages Live campus music in last 4 wks Total NoYes Student status F/T student/no paid work 50.0% 100.0% F/T student/paid work 60.0%40.0%100.0% P/T student - F/T job 33.3%66.7%100.0% P/T student/Other 50.0% 100.0% Total 46.7%53.3%100.0% A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Crosstabs contd: three variables Gender Live campus music/4 wks Total NoYes MaleStudent status F/T student/no paid wk 112 P/T student - F/T job 235 P/T student/Other 011 Total 358 FemaleStudent status F/T student/paid work 325 P/T student - F/T job 011 P/T student/Other 101 Total 43 7 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Weighting Weighting discussed in Ch. 13 ‘Weight cases’ procedure eg. if Masters students under-sampled: – suppose masters students need to be given a weight of 1.3 – create new variable wt – for Masters students wt = 1.3; all others: wt = 1 – In ‘Weight cases’: weight by wt A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Graphics Types: – bar graph – stacked bar graph – pie chart – line graph – scatter plot Different graph types suited to different data types A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Data types and graphics (Fig ) Data type NominalOrdinalScale Data characteristicsQualitative categories RanksNumerical Example questions in Fig , 2, 63, 54 Mean/average possibleNoYes Types of graphic Bar graphYes Yes* Pie chartYes Yes* Line graphNo Yes Scatter gramNo Yes * Grouped A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Bar chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Stacked bar chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Pie chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Line graph A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

Scatterplot A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge