1. Intro to SPSS Kin 260 Jackie Kiwata

2. Overview Intro to SPSS Defining Variables Entering Data Analyzing Data SPSS Output Analyzing Data Max, Min, Range Percentiles Mode, Median, Mean Standard Deviation

3. What is SPSS? Stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Well suited for survey and experimental research Includes statistical analysis and graphical presentation of data

4. Opening SPSS Start > Programs > Coursework > SPSS Choose Type in data to begin

5. The SPSS Windows Data View: Used for data input Variable View: Used for adding variables and defining variable properties

6. How to use SPSS in general 1. Define variables in Variable View 2. Enter data in Data View 3. Analyze 4. Get Output

7. Step 1 – Enter variables in Variable View Variable Name Assign a brief & meaningful name to variables No white space allowed in variable names Default is var00001 e.g. “VO2max”, “Grade” Variable Type Text data should be assigned to String type Numeric data assigned to Numeric type e.g. The variable “Name” assigned to String e.g. The variable “GPA” assigned to Numeric Value Labels Use value labels for variables with constant values e.g. The variable “Gender” would have Male and Female labels

8. Ex 1 – Defining Variables Define 2 variables Name – name of person GPA – grade point average with 2 decimal places

9. Step 2 - Enter Data Enter data after defining variables If variables are defined as Numeric, SPSS will only accept numeric digits If variables are defined as String, SPSS will accept any keyboard character

10. SPSS Data Editor Variables = Columns Cases = Rows Cell = Intersection of Variable & Case

11. Ex 2 – Enter Data NameGPA Jimmy3.52 Sheila2.57 Amanda3.89 Derek3.60

12. Step 3 – Analyze Data Today, we will analyze: Minimum, maximum, range Percentiles Mode, median, mean Standard Deviation Should know concept and/or how to do by hand in addition to using SPSS

13. Step 4 – Output

14. Ex 3 – Find Mean of GPA Use SPSS to find the GPA mean of the students

15. Ex 4 – Find Min, Max, Range by Hand H: highest score (max) L: lowest score (min) R: range from highest to lowest score. R=H-L N: number of scores X 10 9 7 6 5 4 3 1 Basketball Free Throws Completed in 10 attempts

16. Ex 5 - Find min, max, range using SPSS 1. Go to: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies

17. SPSS: Frequencies 2. Add variables to analysis 3. Click on Statistics button

18. SPSS: Statistics 4. Checkbox the statistics

19. SPSS: Output Frequencies

20. Saving Output Table Tables/graphs generated in SPSS can be copied from SPSS Output and pasted into a Word document 1. In the SPSS Output window, right click the table. A box appears around the table and a red arrow to the left of it. 2. Select Copy objects from the menu 3. Paste into Word. NOTE: The object is copied as a picture into Word. The data within the picture cannot be edited.

21. Percentiles A point on a continuous scale of 100 divisions such that a certain fraction of raw scores lies at or below that point e.g. The 75 th percentile is equal to or better than ¾ of the scores e.g. The 50 th percentile is equal to or better than ½ of the scores

22. Percentile Problem A high school basketball coach decides the 60 th percentile should be the cutoff point for selecting varsity team athletes. If the coach uses free throw scores as a criterion, how many baskets must a player make to qualify?

23. By Hand - Percentiles 1. Convert percentile to decimal 2. Multiply decimal by N and round off to the nearest integer. 3. Value obtained is the number of scores from the bottom, so count from the bottom up.

24. By Hand – Percentiles, con’t. 1. Convert percentile to decimal. 60% =.60 2. Multiply decimal by N and round off if necessary.60 * 15 = 9 3. Count that many scores from the bottom up. 9 scores from the bottom is 6. Therefore, a player needs to make 6 or more free throws in order to qualify. X = Basketball free throws completed in 10 attempts 10 9 7 6 5 4 4N=15 3 H=10 3L=1 1R=10-1=9

25. SPSS - Percentiles 1. Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies > Statistics 2. Enter percentile

26. Percentile Output What’s wrong with this result?

27. Mode The score that occurs most frequently Can be bimodal or multimodal E.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7 Mode = ?

28. Median The score associated with the 50 th % It is the middle score; divides data set in half If N is even, take midpoint and round up to nearest integer 919 8 18 6* median 17* reported 4 median 116 13 12

29. Mean The average Sum the scores and divide by N e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Mean = (1+2+3+4+5)/5 = 3

30. Ex 6 – Find Mode, Median, Mean through SPSS X = Basketball free throws completed in 10 attempts 10 9 7 6 5 4 3 1

31. SPSS – Mode, Median, Mean 1. Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies > Statistics 2. Check Mean, Median, Mode

32. Ex 6 Output

33. Standard Deviation A statistic that tells you about the spread, or variability of the data set How tightly is the raw data clustered around the mean? How far are the scores from the average? Use the normal curve to illustrate the concept of standard deviation

34. Standard Deviation con’t. Large SD indicates many data points are far from the mean Normal curve is longer and flatter Small SD indicates many data points are close to the mean Normal curve is steeper and narrower

35. SPSS – Standard Deviation

36. References SPSS Guide: http://www.calstatela.edu/its/docs/pdf/SPSS1 4Part1.pdf Standard deviation In depth: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation Simple: http://www.robertniles.com/stats/stdev.shtml