Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Introduction Biochemistry Introduction Biochemistry Aulanni ’ am Biochemistry Laboratory Chemistry Departement Brawijaya University

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Exploring Life

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The molecules of life  The activities of cellular molecules are governed by the basic principles of chemistry  Cellular water, inorganic ions, and small organic molecules account for 75-80% of the living weight of a cell  Macromolecules (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA) account for the remainder

Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 The Chemicals of Life

Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 The Chemicals of Life Macromolecules

Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 Different monosaccharides have different arrangements around asymmetric carbons

Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1  and  glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Cells are packed with molecules of various sizes

Aulani " Biokimia" Presentasi1 Multiple weak bonds stabilize large molecule interactions

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Examples of cellular macromolecules

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Lineage tree of life on earth

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The plasma membrane separates the cell from the environment  The fundamental structure of all cell membranes is the lipid bilayer  Various membrane proteins present in the different cell membranes give each membrane a specific function

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Prokaryotic cells  Single cell organisms  Two main types: bacteria and archaea  Relatively simple structure

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  Prokaryotic cells –Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Eukaryotic cells  Single cell or multicellular organisms  Plants and animals  Structurally more complex: organelles, cytoskeleton

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   Eukaryotic cells –Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The life cycle of cells  Cell division occurs when one cell, after a period of growth, divides to become two daughter cells  Most eukaryotic cells follow the cell cycle, an internal clock that determines the phases of cell growth and division  Progress through the cell cycle is controlled at checkpoints  Cells may “ leave ” the cell cycle and differentiate to perform specialized functions  Cells may undergo programmed cell death as a way of balancing cell growth or generating structures during development (apoptosis)

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The eukaryotic cell cycle

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Ecosystem Dynamics  The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes –Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil –The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction Energy Conversion  Activities of life –Require organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy source  The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings –Often involves the transformation of one form of energy to another

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  Energy flows through an ecosystem –Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers (including animals) Sunlight Chemical energy Heat Ecosystem

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes –Which program the cells ’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring Nuclei containing DNA Egg cell Sperm cell Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction  The molecular structure of DNA –Accounts for it information-rich nature DNA Cell Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G G T A T A (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix. Nucleus

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   feedback regulation –The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   negative feedback –An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product B A C D Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D D D D D D D D DD C B A Negative feedback

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction   positive feedback –The end product speeds up production WW X Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z ZZ Z Z Z Y X Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction The Culture of Science  Science is a social activity –Characterized by both cooperation and competition

Aulani " Biokimia " Introduction