Chapter 7 Vitamins and Minerals

What are vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds which are needed in small quantities to sustain life. We get vitamins from food, because the human body either does not produce enough of them, or none at all. An organic compound contains carbon. When an organism (living thing) cannot produce enough of an organic chemical compound that it needs in tiny amounts, and has to get it from food

Things to remember An organic compound (contains carbon). An essential nutrient the body cannot produce enough of on its own, so it has to get it (tiny amounts) from food. There are currently 13 recognized vitamins. 

Fat Soluble vs. Water Soluble There are fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the fat tissues of our bodies, as well as the liver. Fat-soluble vitamins are easier to store than water-soluble ones, and can stay in the body as reserves for days, some of them for months. Water-soluble vitamins do not get stored in the body for long - they soon get expelled through urine. Water-soluble vitamins need to be replaced more often than fat-soluble ones. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat-soluble. Vitamins C and all the B vitamins are water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of fats (lipids).

Minerals The body needs many minerals; these are called essential minerals. Essential minerals are sometimes divided up into major minerals (macrominerals) and trace minerals (microminerals). These two groups of minerals are equally important, but trace minerals are needed in smaller amounts than major minerals. The amounts needed in the body are not an indication of their importance. A balanced diet usually provides all of the essential minerals. The two tables below list minerals, what they do in the body (their functions), and their sources in food.

Calories A calorie is actually a unit of heat energy. 1 gram of fat = 9 calories 1 gram of carbohydrate = 4 calories 1 gram of protein = 4 calories