Day 3

2 An Introduction to Cloud Dr David Wallom, Associate Director - Innovation (Oxford e-Research Centre) Technical Director (UK NGS) Thanks to NIST Clouds Introduction

3 Outline What is Cloud…? Using Cloud (technically) Using cloud (non-technical) Nationally available resources

4 What is cloud?

5 A Working Definition of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. 5 Walloms Def: If a user speaks to a person to get access to resources, its virtualisation, if the user gets access through a computational interface, expanding and contracting their available resources at will it’s a Cloud! Courtesy of NIST

6 5 Essential Cloud Characteristics On-demand self-service High performance network access (not necessarily JANet quality though) Resource pooling Location independence Rapid elasticity/service scalability Measured service/usage is accounted for 6 Courtesy of NIST

7 Service Models of Cloud Computing: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS SaaS: Software as a Service –> Google Apps, Force.com, Facebook, Microsoft Office Live; deployeduse SaaS provider

8 Microsoft Azure Services Source: Microsoft Presentation, A Lap Around Windows Azure, Manuvir Das

9 Service Models of Cloud Computing: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS SaaS: Software as a Service –> Google Apps, Force.com, Facebook, Microsoft Office Live; PaaS: Platform as a Service –> Google App Engine, Azure Platform, Oracle Fusion; use Applicatio n package deployed PaaS provider

.NET PHP Python Ruby Visual Studio and Eclipse … … Web Standards + Industry Standards Azure ™ Services Platform Microsoft Azure

11 Service Models of Cloud Computing: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS SaaS: Software as a Service –> Google Apps, Force.com, Facebook, Microsoft Office Live; PaaS: Platform as a Service –> Google App Engine, Azure Platform; IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service –> Amazon Web Services, NGS Cloud, Eduserv use OS image instantiated IaaS provider

Amazon AWS Elastic Compute Cluster (EC2) SimpleDB Simple Storage Service (S3) Simple Queue Servcie (SQS) CloudFront

13 4 Deployment Models Private cloud –enterprise owned or leased, e.g operated by your institutional Information Services Community cloud –shared infrastructure for specific community, e.g. provided only to UK Universities, e.g. Eduserv (Swindon) Public cloud –Sold to the public, mega-scale infrastructure, e.g. Amazon Hybrid cloud –composition of two or more clouds, e.g. what it says on the tin! Courtesy of NIST

14 Common Cloud Characteristics Cloud computing often leverages: –Massive scale (one research projects scaling) –Homogeneity –Virtualization –Resilient computing –Low cost software –Geographic distribution –Service orientation –Advanced security technologies Courtesy of NIST

The NIST Cloud Definition Framework 15 CommunityCloud Private Cloud Public Cloud Hybrid Clouds Deployment Models Service Models Essential Characteristics Common Characteristics Software as a Service (SaaS) Platform as a Service (PaaS) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Resource Pooling High Perf Network AccessRapid Elasticity Measured Service On Demand Self-Service Low Cost Software VirtualizationService Orientation Advanced Security Homogeneity Massive ScaleResilient Computing Geographic Distribution Based upon original chart created by Alex Dowbor -

16 Usage Models of Cloud

17 Globally distributed; different resources/cost; different applications; non standardised: different AAA and UI. Private/Public Multiple Clouds Users NGS cloud Amazon cloud Eduserv cloud EGI cloud Azure cloud

18 Mediated Private/Public Multiple Clouds Management Interface NGS cloud Amazon cloud Eduserv cloud EGI cloud Users Automation; load balancing; costs reduction; usability.

19 Federation of Local and Global resources Elasticity managed by local cloud not user different resources/cost; different applications; non standardised: different AAA but single UI through private provider Hybrid Multiple Clouds Users Institutional cloud Amazon cloud Eduserv cloud EGI cloud NGS cloud

20 Migration Paths for Cloud Adoption Use public clouds Develop private clouds –Build a private cloud –Procure an outsourced private cloud –Migrate data centers to be private clouds (fully virtualized) Build or procure community clouds –Organization wide SaaS –PaaS and IaaS –Disaster recovery for private clouds Use hybrid-cloud technology –Workload portability between clouds

21 Using an IaaS Users retains (full) control on: operating system: ∙ create, modify or use existing OS images; ∙ VM instantiation and management (start, stop, #VMs); networking: ∙ elastic IP, virtual firewalls, isolation (security groups); data: ∙ create and manage EBS devices; ∙ snapshotting. Great flexibility vs. extra effort

22 Cloud Infrastructure for Research Centralisation Vs Federation Centralisation: one large, dedicated datacentre that serves the national HEI demand Federation: heterogeneous set of local infrastructures are coordinated nationally in order to satisfy the HEI demand Criteria for evaluation Funding Scalability Flexibility Maintenance Support Accountability Obsolescence Competitiveness Security

23 Client Tools HybridFox RightScale Gems RightAws Command Line Interface

24 Cloud Computing Security

25 Security is the Major Issue

26 Analyzing Cloud Security Some key issues: –trust, multi-tenancy, encryption, compliance Cloud security is a tractable problem –There are both advantages and challenges

27 General Security Advantages Shifting public data to a external cloud reduces the exposure of the internal sensitive data Cloud homogeneity makes security auditing/testing simpler Clouds enable automated security management Redundancy / Disaster Recovery

28 Cloud Security Advantages Data Fragmentation and Dispersal Dedicated Security Team Greater Investment in Security Infrastructure Fault Tolerance and Reliability Greater Resiliency Hypervisor Protection Against Network Attacks Possible Reduction of C&A Activities (Access to Pre-Accredited Clouds) Simplification of Compliance Analysis Data Held by Unbiased Party (cloud vendor assertion) Low-Cost Disaster Recovery and Data Storage Solutions On-Demand Security Controls Real-Time Detection of System Tampering Rapid Re-Constitution of Services Advanced Honeynet Capabilities

29 General Security Challenges Trusting someone else's security model Customer inability to respond to audit findings Limitations in obtaining support for investigations Indirect administrator accountability Proprietary implementations can’t be examined Loss of physical control

30 Cloud Security Challenges Data dispersal and international privacy laws EU Data Protection Directive and U.S. Safe Harbor program Exposure of data to foreign government and data subpoenas Data retention issues Need for isolation management Multi-tenancy Logging challenges Data ownership issues Quality of service guarantees Dependence on secure hypervisors Attraction to hackers (high value target) Security of virtual OSs in the cloud Possibility for massive outages Encryption needs for cloud computing Encrypting access to the cloud resource control interface Encrypting administrative access to OS instances Encrypting access to applications Encrypting application data at rest Public cloud vs internal cloud security Lack of public SaaS version control

31 An example of using cloud in research

Strategic Plan for Helix Nebula Set up a cloud computing infrastructure for European Research Area Identify and adopt policies for trust, security and privacy on a European-level Create a light-weight governance structure involving all stakeholders Define a short and medium term funding scheme

Pilot phase goals Through the pilot phase we expect to explore/push a series of perceived barriers to Cloud adoption: Security: Unknown or low compliance and security standards Reliability: Availability of service for business critical tasks Data privacy: Moving sensitive data to the Cloud Scalability/Elasticity: Will the Cloud scale-up to our needs Network performance: Data transfer bottleneck; QoS Integration: Hybrid systems with in-house/legacy systems Vendor lock-in: Dependency on vendors once data & applications have been transferred to the Cloud Legal concerns: Such as who has legal liability Transparency: Clarity of conditions, terms and pricing

37 Cloud Resources Available Private Cloud – Matteo Turilli, Steve Thorn & Richard Tarrant Community Cloud – Matt Johnson Public Cloud – John Donnelly, Ryan Shuttleworth