Introduction to the National DNA Database NDNAD Ethics Group April 2014

NDNAD Governance NDNAD Strategy Board: NDNAD Strategy Board: Chaired by Mr Sims Responsible for overall strategic management of the Database Governance Rules Representation from: Home Office Information Commissioners Office Forensic Science RegulatorNDNAD Ethics Group Criminal Justice ServiceSPA (Scottish Police Authority) ACPOS Scientific Support Services of Northern Ireland

NDNAD Legislation Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 Criminal Evidence (Amend -ment) Act 1997 Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994 Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 2001 Serious Organised Crime and Police Act (SOCPA) 2005 The Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998

NDNAD Legislation 2012 Protection of Freedoms Act Retention periods for NDNAD records 2014 Anti Social Behaviour and Crime Bill Allows for sampling of an arrestee for a second time, retention of casework retention times

NDNAD and NDNAD Delivery Unit System that identifies links between DNA found at scenes of crime with DNA obtained from arrestees (and on occasion other individuals such as vulnerable persons and missing persons). Ensures the integrity of the records on the NDNAD. These are functions that the NDNAD Delivery Unit performs on behalf of national policing.

Overview: What does NDNAD do? Police LaboratoryNDNAD Sample submitted and DNA profile obtained DNA profile submitted to load to NDNAD Information from person submitted to Police National Computer 9 items of data sent from PNC to NDNAD electronically If all numbers in profile match another profile, match report produced Intelligence Report sent to forces Investigations into intelligence Sample taken from: person at arrest Scene of crime

HO responsibilities HO NDU –Providing the IT infrastructure –Advising on the data to be held –Setting the technical standards for supplier laboratories –Setting the information assurance standards –Delivering the service to police forces –Ensuring the highest standards of integrity in the management of the Database –Developing the Database in line with Police requirements –Providing Management Information

Information 362,319 new DNA profiles from individuals were added to the database. 33,190 new profiles from crime scenes were added. 592,777 DNA profiles were deleted from the NDNAD. The majority of these were deleted as part of work, begun in January 2013, to delete DNA profiles of innocent people in preparation for the Protection of Freedoms Act coming into force.

March 2014 Information About 4.7 million individuals have one or more record retained. March 2013 about 5.9 million individuals had a record retained Over 450k profiles from crime scenes are retained.

Information 61% chance that the database will produce a match when a crime stain is searched against the NDNAD. This match rate is one of the highest in Europe –211 DNA matches from urgent searches were generated for serious crimes – including 55 homicides and 60 rapes. –a routine match to a possible suspect was produced in 24,894 crimes in , –a further 1,247 crimes, the database provided a match to another crime (rather than an individual) and –a further 1,842 crimes were provided with information after an incomplete profile search was performed.

The National DNA Database is located at Birmingham - holds profiles from England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland A Northern Ireland Database is held in Belfast by FSNI A Scottish Database is held by the Dundee laboratory Belfast Dundee Birmingham Units from 5 organisations submit records to NDNAD UK DNA Databases

NDNAD Data Structure Subject Name Force Information Sample Type ASN Sample Number DNA STR Markers Lab Code 2 URN’s ‘Demographics’ From Police National Computer DNA Profile From Laboratory

Missing Persons DNA Database ~900 Missing Persons Records Vulnerable Persons DNA Database ~2,300 Vulnerable Persons DNA Mixture check through DNAboost Familial Searching *Figures as at 1 st April 2014 UK DNA Databases - other services

Data Exchange International sharing –Interpol - this is the main request route From Jan to Dec 2013 we received and processed 569, which resulted in 36 positive DNA matches from NDNAD. –Missing Persons Bureau –G8 agreement FBI and NDU exchange data directly without going through Interpol but still following the same principles. Recently Canada has joined this mechanism. From Jan – Dec 2013 NDU exchanged only 2 through this route. –UKCA (legal to legal requests) CT wash through

History of DNA Profiling 1983, Narborough, Leicestershire, UK 15 year old school girl Lynda Mann raped and Murdered 1986, Narborough, Leicestershire, UK 15 year old school girl Dawn Ashworth Raped and Murdered Perpetrator was of Blood Group A Case investigation closed Same MO Perpetrator was of Blood Group A Prime Suspect: Richard BUCKLAND BUCKLAND confessed on Dawn Ashworth denied that of Lynda Mann Contact made with Prof Sir Alec Jefferys, Dr. Dave Werrett and Dr. Peter Gill (Forensic Science Service)

What is DNA? DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid - found in all cells in the body (except red blood cells) DNA exists as: - nuclear DNA and - mitochondrial DNA Together these contain the complete code of instructions for making the proteins that build the machinery of life.

What is DNA? DNA samples are analysed for 10 of these STRs located on 10 different sets of paired chromosomes and for the amelogenin gene (which is an indicator of the gender of the individual) to determine the DNA profile XY 15,18 15,18 9,9 17,23 11,14 29,32.2, 14,17 14,15 7,9.3 20,22

Forensic Database Evidential casework Intelligence-led screens Intelligence databases - identifying suspects - linking offences Genetic relationships - paternity testing - maternity testing - familial relationships Gender determination Ethnic inference Prediction of commonplace characteristics - eye/hair colour Identification of missing persons/ dead bodies/ victims of mass disasters

Progression - Technology Manual ProcessingAutomation Expert Interpretation Software Capillary Electrophoresis Specialised Searching Low Template DNA MtDNAY-STR (NEAR) FUTURE Process Software Science Turn Around Time Months & Major Backlog Weeks & ‘Order book’ Weeks 1-2 days PACE 5-14 days C/S <24 hr Rapid Services < 1 hour LIMS

DNA-17 Interim –NI –1,977 DNA profiles from subjects –168 DNA profiles from crime scenes Move to DNA-17 in July 14 –Increased sensitivity –Match probability of 1 in billion remains –SGMPlus matches are still very good evidential value –Work with CPS and judiciary 20

The Future? 21

10-15 years – phenotypic characteristics 22