1. DNA Fingerprinting Mark Bailey Vicki L. Burnett Walker B. Carroll

2. What is it? Series of techniques used to differentiate one subject’s DNA from another Compares hypervariable regions, or variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) Synonyms are DNA profiling, DNA typing, DNA fingerprinting

3. Who developed it, and when? Sir Alec Jeffreys, University of Leicester, England in 1985 Identified hypervariable regions in the DNA Published two key papers describing how those regions could be used as ‘fingerprints’ for differentiating individuals, and how those fingerprints might be used in the criminal justice system First used in England in an immigration case, then to exonerate a suspect in a murder case Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL (1985) Individual-specific ‘fingerprints’ of human DNA. Nature 316(4):76-79. Gill P, Jeffreys AJ, Werrett DJ (1985) Forensic application of DNA ‘fingerprints’. Nature 318(6046):577-579.

4. Technical advances Structure of DNA -Watson, Crick, Franklin Sequencing of DNA -Sanger Amplification of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -Mullis Restriction endonucleases to cleave DNA Gel electrophoresis to separate DNA Dyes or probes to visualize the DNA

5. What is it used for?

6. Paternity cases, babies in maternity ward Forensic science to identity remains of dead bodies as well as live folks Characterization of genomes, cell lines, plant lines Trace transmission of diseases such as TB and food-borne pathogens Identify genetic mutations in cancer, other diseases Identify lineage of populations

7. Advantages Probability of two people having the same fingerprint is very small DNA profile can’t be altered by suspect DNA remains intact under many harsh conditions May be able to obtain information about an individual from a relative’s DNA Leads as much to exonerations of wrongly accused suspects as convictions of guilty ones

8. Disadvantages Fingerprint is a very small part of the genome, uniqueness questioned Matches within certain ethnic groups may be much higher than in other populations Human error either at the crime scene, the laboratory, or the police station Ethical issues pertaining to identification of genetic defects or medical conditions

9. DNA data banks All 50 states have rules on collection of DNA profiles from criminal cases National Combined Data Index System in place (CODIS) in searchable database Battery of 13 different markers used International databanks incorporating similar markers to facilitate identification of criminals across countries j