1. BY K.UDAY KIRAN REDDY

2. CONTENTS Historical background What is DNA Fingerprinting Structure of DNA Making DNA Fingerprints Practical applications of DNA Fingerprinting Considerations when evaluating DNA evidence B. Technical Difficulties

3. Historical background DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec. J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester He was studying the gene of myoglobin. This is a picture of Alec. J. Jeffrey

4. What is DNA Fingerprinting? The chemical structure of everyone's DNA is the same. The only difference between people (or any animal) is the order of the base pairs.base pairs The information contained in DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the zipper.

5. Structure of DNA

6. Making DNA Fingerprints DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory procedure that requires six steps: 1: Isolation of DNA. 2: Cutting, sizing, and sorting. Special enzymes called restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific places

7. 3: Transfer of DNA to nylon. The distribution of DNA pieces is transferred to a nylon sheet by placing the sheet on the gel and soaking them overnight. 4-5: Probing. Adding radioactive or colored probes to the nylon sheet produces a pattern called the DNA fingerprint.

8. 4-6: DNA fingerprint. The final DNA fingerprint is built by using several probes (5-10 or more) simultaneously.

9. Practical Applications of DNA Fingerprinting 1.Paternity and Maternity person inherits his or her VNTRs from his or her parents Parent-child VNTR pattern analysis has been used to solve standard father-identification cases Can someone tell me who is my father?

10. 2. Criminal Identification and Forensics DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or other genetic evidence left at the scene of a crime can be compared FBI and police labs around the U.S. have begun to use DNA fingerprints to link suspects to biological evidence – blood or semen stains, hair, or items of clothing

11. 3. Personal Identification The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort of genetic bar code to identify individuals has been discussed 4.Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders diagnose inherited disorders in both prenatal and newborn babies These disorders may include cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Huntington's disease, familial Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, thalasimia, and many others.

12. 5.Developing Cures for Inherited Disorders By studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives who have a history of some particular disorder identify DNA patterns associated with the disease 6.identification of Chinese medicine. The Hong Kong Baptist University was able to use DNA fingerprinting to identify the Chinese medicine—Lingzhi in 2000

13. Considerations when evaluating DNA evidence In the early days of the use of genetic fingerprinting as criminal evidence, given a match that had a 1 in 5 million probability of occurring by chance the lawyer would argue that this meant that in a country of say 60 million people there were 12 people who would also match the profile.

14. 2. Problems with Determining Probability A. Population Genetics VNTRs, because they are results of genetic inheritance it will vary depending on an individual's genetic background

15. B. Technical Difficulties Errors in the hybridization and probing process must also be figured into the probability Until recently, the standards for determining DNA fingerprinting matches, and for laboratory security and accuracy which would minimize error

16. When evaluating a DNA match, the following questions should be asked: -Could it be an accidental random match? -If not, could the DNA sample have been planted? -If not, did the accused leave the DNA sample at the exact time of the crime? -If yes, does that mean that the accused is guilty of the crime?

17. conclusions DNA fingerprints is the most sophisticated way to identify living organisms. DNA fingerprints has many applications that range from criminal rape cases, paternity tests, molecular archeology, etc.

19. QUERIES