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Introduction Propane is one of the world’s most common engine fuels Stations available worldwide High energy density Exceptionally safe U.S. imports about half of its petroleum Two thirds of petroleum is used for transportation Propane use offsets petroleum imports For those of you that think propane is just a fuel for outdoor grills or home heating…this workshop will introduce propane as a transportation fuel Let’s start off with the fact that…first bullet…and sub bullets So why use propane…well it’s mainly a domestically produced fuel…and the second bullet and sub bullet So…last bullet

Lesson 1: Introduction to Propane

Objectives Describe what propane (LPG) is and how to identify it Explain the basic history of propane Describe how propane may help public health and the environment Explain how propane may help stimulate the economy Describe what energy security is and how to use propane to attain it These are the main objectives of this section and will be revisited in the Upon Completing Section at the end of each lesson.

Figure 1: Propane molecule. Source: NAFTC. Definition of Propane Propane is: Identified as an alternative fuel Colorless Odorless Product of natural gas production and crude oil refining So what is propane? Propane is a hydrocarbon fuel that is…first sub bullet…it occurs naturally as a gas that is …next two sub bullets It is the…last bullet The chemical make up is shown at the right…the formula is C3H8 Odorants are added for safety/leak detection…which many of can relate too from using propane grills Figure 1: Propane molecule. Source: NAFTC.

Propane usually contains: More than 90% propane Some butane Trace gases Easily converted and stored as a liquid under pressure Can produce fewer emissions than conventional gasoline Presents no immediate environmental threats Propane that is actually used…is actually a mixture of gases but typically contains…sub bullets Since it occurs as a gas…it naturally has a low volumetric density…however…second bullet This is different compared to natural gas requires significant cooling to form a liquid…propane requires only moderate pressures at ambient temperatures The use of propane in internal combustion engines…third bullet While…last bullet…as it rapidly evaporates and is not considered a greenhouse gas

Figure 2: Propane tanks. Source: NAFTC. Chemical Properties of Propane Gas at ambient temperatures; liquid below -40°F or when under pressure One cubic foot of liquid = 270 cubic feet of vapor As mentioned before…at ambient temperatures…it is a gas…however it can be liquefied into liquefied petroleum gas or LPG This can be done by cooling it…or simply pressuring the gas Commonly used at for home heating and outside grill applications and has been used for decades in industrial equipment as shown in the propane tanks of figure 2. As it is liquefied…its volumetric energy density increases by a factor or 270 as shown in the second bullet…this is a valuable asset in order to carry enough energy onboard for acceptable driving range Figure 2: Propane tanks. Source: NAFTC.

Specific Gravity Specific gravity of liquid propane = 0.504 (half that of water) Specific gravity of propane vapor = 1.50 (one and a half times as much as water) Leaked propane vapors will sink to the floor Since it occurs as a gas…but is stored as a liquid we will look at the specific gravity of propane in both liquid and gaseous forms Propane liquid is lighter than water…first bullet Propane gas is heavier than air…second bullet This is probably the most important comparison since in the case of leaks…it should be known that propane tends to sink and near the floor ignition sources may pose a safety risk Figure 3: The specific gravity of liquid propane is less than water, and the specific gravity of propane vapor is greater than air. Source: NAFTC.

Propane Color Propane Smell Colorless liquid or vapor Produces pale blue flame when ignited Propane Smell Naturally odorless Odorants are added to aid in leak detection Just to hit on the basic properties again…propane is a…first bullet, and when it is combusted it…second bullet…again we can make the connection to propane stoves and grills And again on smell, it is…third bullet…but…last bullet… for safety

Figure 4: Propane flame. Source: NAFTC. Propane Identification Colorless, odorless; best identified by added odorants Highly volatile; burns twice as hot as conventional gasoline Forms of Propane Naturally occurs as a gas Liquid quickly evaporates Liquid is less flammable, less dangerous Figure 4: Propane flame. Source: NAFTC. So the easiest way to identify or detect propane is by its pungent odor from the added odorants…it is also…second bullet If the liquid leaks or is released from LPG form…it will rapidly convert to a gas since it quickly evaporates at most ambient temperatures…however it is less flammable than conventional fuels which means it is less dangerous

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Propane Gas Heavier than air Tanks are usually pressurized up to around 300 psi or less Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) One gallon of liquid petroleum has about 75% as much energy as one gallon of conventional gasoline Liquid propane injection systems can return higher fuel efficiency than conventional gasoline ICEs Propane gas…is again heavier than air…and the tanks are usually pressurized up to 300 psi or less in order to store it in its more dense, liquefied petroleum gas LPG form…the pressure required actually varies with temperature which we will discuss later Once in liquid form…third bullet…which means it may require a larger volume As far as propane introduction into internal combustion engines…these systems have evolved…older systems injected propane vapor (gas), these systems were less efficient and produced more emissions…but new…last bullet

Basic History of Propane Used as an alternative fuel for more than 60 years Dr. Walter Snelling first discovered propane in 1910 Propane was used for cooking as early as 1912 First propane powered car introduced in 1913 Original applications were mostly farm equipment So for those of you that may not be familiar with propane as a transportation fuel…it has been…first bullet Second bullet And quickly found various uses…and third bullet And…fourth bullet As time went on…the transportation market was dominated by conventional fuels such as gasoline…but there were some…last bullet Figure 5: Propane gas tank. Source: NAFTC.

Figure 6: Propane warehouse equipment. Source: NAFTC. Used as a fuel for indoor vehicles beginning in the 1950s RV industry relies on propane heavily Propane = $10 billion industry in the U.S. alone Continuing on with some more history facts…propane was…first bullet And common markets include the recreational vehicle market and out door drill market which use LPG as a heating and cooking fuel Again, big on home heating, gas grills, RV industry, even used as a refrigerant The propane industry has grown to over $10 billion dollars in the U.S. alone…even without mainstream use in the transportation sector Figure 6: Propane warehouse equipment. Source: NAFTC.

Less than 2% of U.S. propane consumption is used as a transportation fuel. The did you know slides are available in slide master…for the background template and the text and source can be edited Source: AFDC, 2011.

Figure 7: Ford E250 Roush CleanTech propane conversion. Source: AFDC. Propane Today U.S. consumes more than 15 billion gallons of propane annually 8.1 million households in the U.S. depend on propane More than 270,000 vehicles in U.S. As mentioned before…most of us that know about propane relate to its use in out homes but in total…the…first bullet Of this volume of propane it is used to in over 8.1 million households through the U.S….it is common for home heating and cooking in areas where natural gas lines are not common With respect to the transportation sector there are…last bullet Figure 7: Ford E250 Roush CleanTech propane conversion. Source: AFDC.

Direct from the OEM, purpose-built vehicles utilize propane Conversion vehicles have been converted from gasoline to utilize propane as a fuel source Conversion kits are widely available for light-duty vehicles Propane may be used in conjunction with gasoline for bi-fuel applications There have been and are some bi-fuel and dedicated original equipment manufacturer purpose built propane vehicles…but their numbers are usually limited Conversion kits are also available and …second bullet These…third bullet…but are also available for larger vehicles such as school buses Kits must conform to EPA and/or CARB emissions requirements Bi fuel vehicles are able to run on either gasoline or propane

Comparison of LPG to Gasoline Propane is naturally gaseous Fuel economy is calculated in gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) Propane = high octane fuel So now we will compare propane as a fuel to gasoline…again…first bullet And even when compressed to liquid form it has a different energy density so…second bullet GGE means that the volume of LPG required to have the same energy as a gallon of gasoline is different…it typically takes about 1.33 gallons of LPG to equal the energy content of one gallon of gasoline Propane is also a high octane fuel which means it has the potential to be used with higher compression ratio…more efficient engines

Figure 8: Propane facts and figures. Source: NAFTC. So again just presenting some facts for propane vapor or gas…as can be seen by the lower heating value…it actually has more energy by mass than gasoline but is less dense The octane number ranges from 97-112…which can be compared to the octane rating of gasoline of 87-93…higher octane means the fuel can be used in an engine with higher compression ratios which means it could be more fuel efficient You can either talk about this material here…or present it on the following slides…depending on style and audience Figure 8: Propane facts and figures. Source: NAFTC.

Energy Content Octane Rating Energy content is measured in British thermal units (Btu) Propane = 47% more energy by mass when compared to gasoline Octane Rating Indicates how well the fuel combusts, resistance to auto ignition Conventional gasoline octane rating = 87, 89, 93 Propane octane rating = around 105 Focusing on the energy content from the previous figure…we will see that energy content is measured in British thermal units or BTUs…and is normal represented on a mass basis…in this case BTU/lb. When looking at this energy content… we see…second bullet And focusing on octane rating… It is a number that…third bullet For comparison…fourth bullet While propane also has a range of octanes but its average is around 105

Auto-Ignition Temperature Propane’s auto-ignition temperature = 855°F (457°C) Auto ignition requires between 2.15% and 9.6% propane in the air Propane has a higher auto-ignition temperature than gasoline Gasoline auto-ignition temperature is about 300 Degrees F less than propane…which means propane is safer than gasoline based on temperature…but it does have a larger flammability range in are than conventional gasoline or diesel

Why Consider Propane? Can produce fewer emissions than conventional vehicles High energy output High octane = more complete combustion Propane generally costs about the same as gasoline and diesel So hear are some reasons on…slide title Just cover bullets…advantages have been discussed and are shown on next slide as well

LPG comparison to gasoline One new disadvantage or thing to consider is that price fluctuations due to seasonal weather effects…may be greater for propane compared to conventional fuels since it is often used for home heating Figure 9: LPG compared to conventional gasoline. Source: fueleconomy.gov.

Figure 10: Propane production. Source: EERE. Propane Benefits Propane = domestic resource 90% of propane used in the U.S. is produced domestically Promotes energy security Established infrastructure Longer vehicle service life So in looking at to consider propane we will further examine its benefits First bullet…55% of propane is produced from natural gas purification while 45% is produced during crude oil refining Second bullet…which…third bullet There is already some…fourth bullet And its use in vehicles can actually increase vehicle live and service intervals because it produces less PM and does not absorb into the engine oil…both of which case oil to breakdown Figure 10: Propane production. Source: EERE.

Health Benefits Combustion can produce fewer harmful emissions like: Particulate matter Carbon monoxide (CO) Fewer emissions = less smog formation = less respiration problems No as before…we usually break the benefits down into health, the environment, economic, and energy security benefits…lets start off with the health benefits The combustion of propane can lead to lower emissions of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) This reduction is a benefit because PM has been found to be carcinogenic while CO is poisonous when inhaled in large concentrations…beyond this..CO also leads to smog formation And the formation of smog in heavily polluted/congested areas can irritate the respiratory systems of people in the area…especially with pre existing conditions such as asthma

Environmental Benefits Propane vehicles can produce fewer harmful emissions Spills rarely occur If spilled, propane rapidly biodegrades in soil, water, air Not considered a greenhouse gas (GHG) Reductions in emissions are also beneficial to the environment…as can be seen in Figure 11, propane may produce up to 20% less NOx NOx or oxides of nitrogen can lead to smog and acid rain In the cases of spills…they are not only rare…but…third bullet Last bullet…unlike other gaseous fuels and emissions such as carbon dioxide/CO2 Greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide are thought to contribute to global warming Figure 11: Propane vehicle emissions. Source: EERE.

Economic Benefits Most accessible alternative fuel Generally costs less than conventional fuels Prices fluctuate seasonally – generally higher in the winter months (October through March) Now looking at the economic benefits…we find that it is currently the most accessible alternative fuel in the U.S. based on station count In the past it has…second bullet…but is sometimes higher Prices fluctuate because demand is currently proportional to home heating use. Domestic production is a net positive for the U.S. economy

Energy Security Benefits U.S. imports more than 50% of its oil; two thirds is used for transportation 97% of propane consumed in the U.S. is produced in North America, 90% in the U.S. alone Propane use will help offset reliance on foreign oil supplies Going back to conventional fuels that are produced from crude oil…bullet one While…bullet 2 So it is clear to see that propane use will help offset reliance on foreign oil supplies by diversifying the fuels used in the transportation market

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe what propane (LPG) is and how to identify it? Explain the basic history of propane? Describe how propane may help public health and the environment? Explain how propane may help stimulate the economy? Describe what energy security is and how to use propane to attain it? These are the objectives mentioned before, hopefully the reader can find all of the answers either on their own in the text or they have been discussed in this presentation, again, these can be catered to audience, but it is always recommended to tell them what you are going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them.

Test Your Knowledge Propane burns with what color flame? At normal temperatures, propane is a __________, but it can be liquefied under moderate pressure. True or False: Propane gas is lighter than air. True or False: Propane has been used as a fuel for home heating and cooking for decades. During the presentation, the location of information that may help answer the test your knowledge has been hyperlinked to a hidden box next to each number. When the pointer slides over the number it will give you the option to click the hyperlink which will take you to the appropriate slide. To return, right click your mouse and go to Last Viewed to the test your knowledge section. It should also be noted that information in the workbook has also been marked in the margins with PowerPoint slide numbers. More information about each slide and question can be found in the text. Pale blue Gas/vapor False, it is heavier than air. True

Lesson 2: Propane Manufacturing, Infrastructure, and Sustainability Lesson 2 typically focuses on these areas which may only be suitable to certain audiences…

Objectives Describe what propane is made from Explain how propane is manufactured and produced Describe how propane is transported Explain how propane is distributed Describe the sustainability of propane – its future and cost efficiency Outlining the topics to cover with this lesson 2 material.

Fuel Sources Propane = byproduct of refining oil or natural gas About half of the propane produced in the U.S. is from natural gas production, half is from crude oil refining Propane is captured during these processes So where does propane come from? Well it is a byproduct of refining oil…or purifying natural gas Currently about each process produces equal shares of U.S. propane…almost a 50/50 slip The propane is captured during these processes wither by cracking, condensation…or evaporating techniques which separates the various fuels

Manufacturing and Production Natural Gas Refining Propane, butane, ethane are removed from raw natural gas Natural gas = mostly methane; propane is heavier than methane Raw natural gas is chilled Propane condenses out of raw natural gas and is collected And looking at natural gas refining or purification alone… Natural gas is mostly methane…but it does contain trace amounts of propane, butane, and ethane which are removed from natural gas…these heavier hydrocarbons can affect the combustion characteristics of natural gas So the…third bullet…and since these heavier hydrocarbons have lower boiling points…gases such as…last bullet

Crude Oil Refining Propane is removed through cracking Oil is heated, lighter propane molecules evaporate and are collected Propane boils at -44°F (-42.2°C) One 42 gallon barrel of crude oil produces about 1.5 gallons of LPG And as mentioned before the other main process that also produces about half of U.S. propane is crude oil refining The crude…second bullet Propane typically boils at very low temperatures but may be locked in the crude oil and the cracking process removes these molecules…for reference a barrel of crude is 42 gallons and through refining…it produces about 1.5 gallons of LPG…graphic shown on the next slide

Figure 12: Propane as a percentage of refined crude oil. Source: DOE. It should be noted that a barrel of oil refers to a 42 gallon drum. A common mistake is to think that a barrel of oil is the same as a standard 55 gallon drum Figure 12: Propane as a percentage of refined crude oil. Source: DOE.

Transportation and Distribution Stored and transported in large pressurized tanks 56,000 miles of pipeline More than 6,000 retail locations Portable tanks enable delivery beyond pipelines Can be transported via rail, pipeline, barge, truck The most common method of transportation and storage is as liquefied petroleum gas in pressurized tanks…however there are…second bullet Propane is available in some form at over 6,000 retail locations (not all of these locations can fuel propane vehicles) Fourth and fifth bullets Figure 13: Multiple propane storage tanks. Source: EERE.

Figure 14: Schematic of a typical propane distribution route Figure 14: Schematic of a typical propane distribution route. Source: EIA. This is a graphic showing where propane comes from and how it typically makes its way to the consumers house…it does not show stations which could be located before, after, or at retail plants Conventional fuels such as gasoline and diesel are typically delivered to station locations via truck delivery as well

Figure 15: LPG transport placard UN1075. Source: USDOT, PHMSA. Transporters Placards and/or other markings are required for all bulk shipments Identified by number UN 1075 For those companies that may be transporters…first bullet This shows the UN number and flammable placard required for the transport of propane Figure 15: LPG transport placard UN1075. Source: USDOT, PHMSA.

Infrastructure Nearly every city and town in the U.S. has a propane fueling station/propane source Nationwide infrastructure is already in place Many fueling stations are only used for fueling small mobile tanks such as for grills…but depending on overall storage tank size…some of these could be adapted to allow for easy vehicle fueling And as mentioned before it is commonly transported by truck which is a similar distribution and infrastructure system as conventional fuels

Figure 16: Propane fueling station. Source: AFDC. Check AFDC often for station updates…maybe witch this figure out for a map of your state are area showing fueling options Figure 16: Propane fueling station. Source: AFDC.

As of February 2012, the total number of U. S As of February 2012, the total number of U.S. LPG fueling stations was at 2,670. This is more than the 2,512 E85 stations. Again…AFDC station counts change constantly and are usually updated monthly. Check frequently for updates. Again, this slide can be edited…so facts about local fueling infrastructure could also be presented in hopes to encourage conversation or enlighten the local audience. Source: AFDC.

Figure 17: Propane Fueling Station. Source: NREL. LPG Fueling Stations Many items are the same/similar to conventional fueling stations Most tanks are steel Certain materials must be used to prevent premature wear So if you are lucky enough to have an LPG station nearby…what do they look like or how do they work…well…first bullet They have onsite storage in standard steel tanks…fueling is nearly the same as conventional vehicles with the same built in features and safety equipment…some materials within the system are different in order to prevent wear since propane does not have ‘good lubricating properties’ Figure 17: Propane Fueling Station. Source: NREL.

Figure 18: NFPA 704 hazard placard for propane. Source: NAFTC. LPG Fueling Station Safety Systems Fueling station systems closely resemble conventional fueling stations Similar safety precautions/devices are in place National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Just hitting home…the point that stations are similar to gasoline stations…and there are no additional risks Stationary storage facilities must also have the proper placards to help ensure the safety of workers, users, and first responders Figure 18: NFPA 704 hazard placard for propane. Source: NAFTC.

Propane Sustainability Propane is derived from fossil fuels Propane can be utilized with minimal modification to vehicles Propane is better for the environment than conventional fuels Additional fueling stations must be built Bi-fuel vehicles will assist in this development Now that we know it can be distributed and used similarly to conventional fuels we will look at the sustainability of using propane Propane is a fossil fuel so it will run out at some point…but as more natural gas reserves and crude oil is produced domestically…there will inherently be more propane available for use…this diversification of fuel use provides for economic and energy security benefits Second and third bullets However, for increased use more vehicles and…fourth bullet Bi-fuel vehicles are a stepping stone in the right direction because they can operate on both propane and gasoline which allows for an extended driving range beyond the limited location of propane fueling stations

Propane is the only alternative fuel with fueling stations located in every state. This slide can be customized to represent any point that can spark conversation or awareness. Source: AFDC.

The Future of Propane Propane is the most widely used alternative fuel Propane prices are historically below prices for conventional gasoline Limited worldwide supply Investigations are underway into producing synthetic propane First bullet Second bullet…but prices are currently about the same as conventional fuels but also varies with season and location But again we must remember that as a fossil fuel there is…fourth bullet but there may be an extended future as…last bullet

Figure 19: Rising consumption of propane. Source: PERC. Looking at propane production today and tomorrow…it is forecasted that Propane production will continue to rise within the foreseeable future Figure 19: Rising consumption of propane. Source: PERC.

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Describe what propane is made from? Explain how propane is manufactured and produced? Describe how propane is transported? Explain how propane is distributed? Describe the sustainability of propane – its future and cost efficiency? Telling the audience what you told them.

Test Your Knowledge Name two processes that are sources of propane. True or False: Propane is the only alternative fuel that has a fueling station in every state. Propane accounts for what percentage of products refined from crude oil? True or False: LPG consumption is predicted to rise over the next few years. During the presentation, the location of information that may help answer the test your knowledge has been hyperlinked to a hidden box next to each number. When the pointer slides over the number it will give you the option to click the hyperlink which will take you to the appropriate slide. To return, right click your mouse and go to Last Viewed to the test your knowledge section. It should also be noted that information in the workbook has also been marked in the margins with PowerPoint slide numbers. More information about each slide and question can be found in the text. Oil refining and natural gas refining/purification True 4%

Lesson 3: Propane Vehicles The third lesson focuses on the fuel or technology or strategy’s actual use.

Objectives Explain the differences between propane vehicles and conventional vehicles Describe the basic evolution of LPG for vehicles and subsequent component technologies Describe the performance of propane vehicles Explain how to maintain propane vehicles Describe the propane vehicles used today

Differences Between Propane and Conventional Vehicles Attaining optimal compression ratio Compression ratio for most gasoline vehicles = 10:1 Compression ratio best for propane vehicles = 11:1 Propane sulfur content Propane vehicles contain many of the same components as conventional vehicles So we can start off with some of the differences between propane fueled and conventionally fueled vehicles…as introduced before… a dedicated propane engine can use a higher compression ratio A higher compression typically means a more fuel efficient engine Most conversion kits do not change the engine compression ratios…but dedicated propane vehicles can utilize this benefit Propane does not contain sulfur like conventional fuels which produces cleaner emissions and does not harm exhaust aftertreatment devices Overall…the vehicles are essentially the same with the only differences occurring in fuel delivery and storage systems

Types of Propane Vehicles Dedicated Propane is the sole source of fuel Depending upon storage capacity, driving range may be limited when compared to conventional gasoline vehicles Bi-fuel Utilize propane or another fuel (typically gasoline) independently Are equipped with separate fuel tanks There are two main types of propane vehicles…dedicated and bi-fuel On dedicated vehicles, propane is the only source of onboard energy…second bullet…however these systems do not require two separate fuel systems which lowers the number of components and space required for onboard fuel storage The second type is bi-fuel…which typically use propane or gasoline Usually the bi-fuel vehicles start on gasoline and then run on propane When the propane system is empty the vehicle can run on conventional gasoline Last bullet may be an important point to consider based on storage room for both fuel tanks

Figure 20: Bi-fuel propane vehicle. Source: AFDC. This is an example illustration from AFDC for a bi-fuel vehicle. It is important to again highlight the required space for both fuel systems. Some of these conversion may also have an electrical switch within the vehicle which can switch between fuels

Propane Conversions Gasoline vehicles converted to utilize propane Majority of propane vehicles today are conversions Conversions are relatively simple Conversion kits may cost from $4,000 to $12,000 If bi-fuel vehicles or dedicated vehicles are not available from OEMs…then there is the option of vehicle conversion In this case…first bullet..and in a…second bullet These…third bullet…but may…last bullet It is important to note that… Kits must be EPA and/or CARB compliant for emissions

Propane Vehicle Components Fuel Management System Vapor injection vs. liquid injection Fuel is stored in liquid form at low pressure Older Vapor Systems Utilization of throttle bodies/carburetor systems Commonly seen in older forklift/stationary applications Liquid fuel is vaporized before injection As stated before the main differences are in fuel delivery and fuel storage…beyond these systems the vehicles are the same On the side of fuel management systems there are two types of fuel delivery into the engine…vapor and liquid injection…remember the fuel is stored as a liquid in the tanks These systems have evolved just as with conventional gasoline systems and are now much more efficient and cleaner Older vapor systems have been used for decades on equipment such as forklifts Older vapor systems were less reliable, produced more engines, and were not efficient Finish slide… and then say these systems and electronic vapor injection systems use regulators

Figure 21 Propane regulator. Source: NAFTC. Determines how much fuel to sent to the engine May be combined with vaporizer in one device Vapor Injectors Multipoint vapor injectors Gaseous fuel flow properties vs. liquid fuel Available around the turn of the 21st century These… Older systems used regulators along with devices such as vaporizer or mixers, regulated tank pressure down to lower pressure for introduction Vapor injectors were an intermediate step in the evolution of propane vehicles Allowed for more accurate control of fuel injection Still not as efficient as newer liquid propane injection systems Figure 21 Propane regulator. Source: NAFTC.

Newer Fuel Injection Systems: Liquid Propane Injection Produced since the early 2000s – mainly for fleet applications Density of liquid fuel Nearly identical to gasoline multipoint injection systems Fuel is introduced into the intake in liquid form These systems have been…first bullet The main advantages of this system is that it can deliver more energy by volume when injecting the fuel as a liquid instead of vaporizing and mixing with intake are These types of systems are…third bullet And again…last bullet And provide more efficient and lower emissions, more accurate control

Liquid propane injection systems are very similar to the current gasoline fuel injection systems…this system is on a Chrysler vehicle Figure 22: Liquid propane fuel injection system on Chrysler beta vehicle. Source: NAFTC.

Fuel Storage System One or more steel fuel storage tanks Tanks are 20 times more puncture resistant than conventional gasoline tanks Tanks include manual shutoff for removal/servicing Bi-fuel systems will require both fuel tanks which may compromise some storage The propane is typically stored in…first bullet And as many people worry about storing a pressurized gas on board…they should note that propane…second bullet And these tanks do include manual shutoff valves for removal and servicing

Figure 23: Propane fuel tanks. Source: EERE. Tanks may be located in the vehicle’s trunk, under a side panel, on the frame Will increase the weight of retrofitted vehicles Figure 23: Propane fuel tanks. Source: EERE. For conversion and bi-fuel vehicles…tanks may reduce storage space in the vehicles trunk or bed…and will increase the overall weight of the vehicle…but the negative effects of this weight are minimal

Figure 24: Pressure relief valve. Source: NAFTC. All propane tanks are fitted with a pressure relief valve (NOT a pressure relief device) Only releases a certain amount of fuel, not the entire amount in the tank Must be vented to the outside of the vehicle Focusing on tanks alone..independent of fuel delivery method…each tank has a pressure relief valve…not this is not a pressure relief device that are used on CNG high pressure tanks as a fail safe…but they are similar to the pressure relief valves used on liquefied natural gas tanks These valves…second bullet…and…third bullet… As temperatures fluctuate the vapor pressure within the tanks varies and the excess pressure is released Figure 24: Pressure relief valve. Source: NAFTC.

Solenoid Shutoff Valve Ensures that fuel does not flow when the vehicle is not in use Fuel Lock Stops the flow of fuel if contaminants are present in the fuel system These systems and vehicles also contain additional safety features including solenoid shutoff valves which are electronically controlled to ensure that fuel does not flow while the vehicle is not in use and fuel locks which can be used to stop the flow of fuel to the engine if there are contaminants in the fuel

Propane Vehicle Modifications and Conversions Gasoline conversions may require state emissions certification Calibrations will need to be made by a trained professional Several companies offer aftermarket conversion kits For vehicles that are converted…kits must be EPA and or CARB certified depending on location…and even then…some states require yearly emissions tests with their annual vehicle inspections… Thus, second bullet And…last bullet

Propane Vehicle Performance Comparable performance with increased fuel economy 1.3 gallons of propane = 1 gallon of gasoline Larger fuel storage tanks may be required Vehicles designed to utilize propane do so most efficiently So how do these propane fuel vehicles compare to gasoline? Well they have…first bullet Second and third bullets…for energy content…means they may require larger fuel storage tanks Last bullet, as opposed to bi-fuel vehicles which may not see the higher efficiency from its higher octane rating…

Propane Vehicle Safety Tanks are built to withstand extreme pressures Tanks are designed to be filled to 80% capacity Tank explosion is highly unlikely Propane tank = 20 times more puncture resistant than a conventional gasoline tank Tanks are pressures to only a few hundred psi…but are designed to withstand much higher internal and external pressures…these tanks are also only filled to 80% liquid capacity to ensure there is enough space for proper vapor volume And for those of you that are worried…third bullet…because…fourth bullet

Propane Vehicle Maintenance Regular maintenance is required as with conventional vehicles Bi-fuel vehicles have two fuel systems to service Properties of LPG may help extend oil life First bullet…any vehicle, regardless of fuel type will operate more efficiently when properly maintained A point to consider on bi-fuel vehicles is that there will be two fuel systems which may require service And as mentioned earlier…last bullet because… Lower PM emissions and propane is not soluble in the oil which means oil is cleaner and lasts longer

Propane Vehicles in Use Today Most propane vehicles are conversions Propane vehicles typically have lower maintenance costs Cold start problems may be an issue Heavy-duty vehicles available Currently used worldwide Are propane vehicles being used…yes… First bullet Second bullet Third bullet…but new liquid injection systems have alleviated these problems Larger vehicle conversion and propane engines are available and beyond use in the U.S….propane is…last bullet For example lets look at some vehicle counts

As one can see these vehicles are even more popular in other countries…so the technologies and vehicles have been proven Figure 25: Countries ranking highest in LPG-fueled vehicles. Source: EERE.

Upon completing this lesson, can you: Explain the differences between propane vehicles and conventional vehicles? Describe the basic evolution of LPG for vehicles and subsequent component technologies? Describe the performance of propane vehicles? Explain how to maintain propane vehicles? Describe the propane vehicles used today? Make sure that these objectives have been covered when completing the lesson

Test Your Knowledge List three types of propane fuel delivery systems that have been used over LPG’s history Propane tanks are normally filled to what percentage of total tank volume? True or False: Propane fuel delivery systems have evolved much like gasoline fuel delivery systems for conventional ICEs. True or False: The U.S. currently leads countries in the use of the most LPG fueled vehicles. During the presentation, the location of information that may help answer the test your knowledge has been hyperlinked to a hidden box next to each number. When the pointer slides over the number it will give you the option to click the hyperlink which will take you to the appropriate slide. To return, right click your mouse and go to Last Viewed to the test your knowledge section. It should also be noted that information in the workbook has also been marked in the margins with PowerPoint slide numbers. More information about each slide and question can be found in the text. Old vapor systems, vapor injection, and liquid propane injection 80% True False, as of 2010 South Korea had the largest number of propane fuel vehicles