Chapter 17 Therapies/Treatment  AP Outline Says:  “Treatment of Psychological Disorders”  Treatment Approaches  Insight Therapies  Psychodynamic Approaches  Behavioral Approaches  Cognitive Approaches  Eclectic Approache  Modes of Therapy – individual, group  Community and Preventative Approaches

Main Areas  Psychodynamic Psychotherapy  Humanistic Therapy (Rogers/Maslow)  Client Centered Therapy  Gestalt Therapy  Behavior Therapy  Cognitive Behavior Therapy  Group Family Couples  Biological Treatments  Psycho Surgery  Electro Convulsive Therapy  Psychoactive Drugs

Fun Facts  15% of adults  21% children are receiving some form of treatment  $150 billion dollars a year is spent  Including disability and lost productivity  The most common targets of treatment are :  Anxiety  Mood disorders  Impulse control  Substance abuse  And combinations of those- Other not diagnosed problems Relationship conflicts Grief Divorce Retirement etc.

Basic Features of Treatment  Client/Patient  Therapist= Psychologists/Psychiatirsts  Clinical Social Workers  Marriage and Family Therapists  Licensed Professional Counselors  Inpatient- could be days, weeks in a hospital/clinical setting- usually with drug therapy  Usually pose a danger to themselves and others  Outpatient- psycho therapy and or drugs could be used  Less severe symptoms

Goals of Therapy  Change thinking, feelings, behavior  Impulse, functioning  Relieve Discomfort

Characteristics of Psychoanalysis  One on one (Client Therapist relationship is key)  Talk Therapy  Long Term duration  Look for relationship between an individual’s life history and current problems  Finding role of thoughts, emotions and motivation  Focus is to help gain insight  Goal is to get the patient to understand how past conflicts determine current problems

Psychodynamic Psycho Therapy  Freud  Conflicts Ego, ID, Superego  Unconscious  Personality  Psychoanalysis-  Goal to understand unconscious conflicts  And how they affect the client

Psychoanalysis continued Free Association  Patient talks about what is on their mind and is prompted by questioning from therapist  Therapist analyzes the potential components that give insight and helps the client understand the subconscious processes and conflicts  Transference  Unconscious process in which childhood feelings and conflicts about parents and other significant people were being transferred to the therapist

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy  Sigmund Freud  Psychoanalysis- method of psychotherapy aimed at revealing and resolving conflicts that are in the unconscious  Free Association  Resistance  Dream Interpretation  Freudian Slips  Transference  Contemporary Psychoanalysis  Less time and cost effective

Humanistic Therapy  See people as capable of consciously controlling their own actions and taking responsibility for their own decisions  Humanists believe most behavior is motivated by an innate drive toward personal growth and improvement  Behavior is guided by the way people perceive the world  Hence, Distorted perceptions blocks growth

Humanistic Therapy  Assumptions  Therapy tries to help clients restart their natural growth  Promotes insights into current feelings  Therapists try to create feelings with client  They try to show the client they are accepted, supported  Create a positive relationship with patient  Clients are shown that they are in charge of how they feel

Humanistic Psychotherapy  Carl Rogers  Humanistic Perspective- emphasizes striving for and reaching human potential  Humanistic Psychotherapy- Most important feature of a person is their self-concept and that disorders derive from unhealthy environments (growth is interfered or stopped).  Client-centered  Gestalt Therapy

Humanism- Client Centered Therapy  1 st create a relationship  Key is listening and understanding  Clients become more self confident  More accepting themselves  Use  Unconditional Positive Regard = acceptance  Help the client understand they themselves are worthy  Acceptance  Reinforce client’s ability to solve their own problems  Empathy  Therapists try to emotionally understand what a client might be thinking and feeling  Congruence (acting in ways that are consistent)

Gestalt Therapy Humanistic Psych  Seeks to create conditions in which clients become more self aware and accepting  They try to get clients to really know themselves 

Behavior Therapy  Client Insight  Most psychological problems are learned behaviors that can be changed by taking action to learn new ones  (not searching for underlying causes)

Methods of Treatment  Two Main Types of Therapy  Psychotherapy- based on interaction between a trained therapist, using psychological techniques, and a client, who is experiencing emotional, behavioral, or interpersonal problems.  Biomedical Therapies- use medications, electroconvulsive therapy, or other medical procedures that directly affect the brain and nervous system of a patient experiencing symptoms associated with a psychological disorder.

Behavior Therapy  Behavior therapy- proposes that psychological problems originate from learned behaviors  Skinner, Pavlov, Ellis, Watson  Three versions:  1) Behavior therapy using classical conditioning  2) Behavior modification using operant conditioning  3) Cognitive-behavior therapy addresses both thoughts and behaviors associated with the problem  Counterconditioning- the learning of a new conditioned response that is the opposite of the original learned response.

Behavior Therapy cont.  Systematic Desensitization- involves gradual learning of a new conditioned response that will replace, or inhibit, an established maladaptive response such as fear or anxiety  Anxiety Hierarchy  Flooding- constant exposure to the fear  Aversion Conditioning-involves pairing a harmful stimulus with an unpleasant stimulus  i.e. taking a pill before consuming alcohol that causes nausea.

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy  Cognitive behavioral therapy- utilizes learning principles to change people’s negative thought patterns  Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)- based on belief that distorted expectations and irrational beliefs contribute to psychological disorders  Psychologist Albert Ellis  “ABC”- Activating event, Belief, Consequences

Cognitive and Group Therapy  Cognitive therapy- based on the idea that people have developed cognitive distortions, distorted perceptions, and interpretations of events that contribute to psychological disorders (especially depression and anxiety)  Group Therapy- allows one or more therapists to work with several people at the same time, observing social and interaction skills.  Family Therapy  Marital/Couples Therapy

Biomedical Therapy  Psychosurgery- destroys tissue in regions of the brain for treating psychological disorders  Irreversible risky side effects  Electroconvulsive therapy- depressive patients who didn’t respond to drug treatments; brief electrical shock was thought to stimulate and increase neural activity in the brain, alleviating symptoms of depression and schizophrenia  Neuroleptics (antipsychotics)- used to treat psychotic symptoms related to positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, and confused thinking.

Biomedical Therapy  Antidepressants- prescribed to treat depression, increase the amount of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin  Anti-anxiety Medication- used to help people deal with anxiety  Valium and Xanax  Increases neurotransmitter GABA which reduce symptoms of anxiety, nervousness, and sleeping problems  Lithium- used to treat bipolar disorder  Used to alleviate manic and depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder

Community Psychology  Deinstitutionalization- process of releasing patients from hospitals, which in turn led to the shutting down of many mental health hospitals  Community Psychology- a movement to decrease or prevent psychological disorders through offerings in community mental health programs