Junior Freshman Language Grammar and Grammatical analysis Grammar Lecture 8 Pronouns (2)

Pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Interrogative pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Possessive pronouns Relative pronouns Indefinite pronouns

(1) Personal pronouns (continued): (a) object pronouns Object pronouns are used when a pronoun is either a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition.

Object pronouns In English: Most object pronouns are different from subject pronouns, but the same pronouns are used as direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of a preposition.

Subject and object pronouns in English Singular 1st person I me 2nd person you 3rd person he/she/it him/her/it Plural we us they them

In French….. As in English, the pronouns used as objects are different from the ones used as subjects. Unlike English, the form of an object pronoun often changes depending on whether it is a direct object, or an object of a preposition.

First and second persons singular and plural Subject Direct object Singular 1st person 2nd person je tu me te I you Plural nous vous we us

Identifying the function of nous and vous can be confusing: same forms are used as subject and object. both subject and object forms are placed before the verb.

Third person singular and plural (him, her, it and them) Subject Direct object Singular masculine Feminine il elle le la he, it she, it him, it her, it Plural feminine ils elles les they them

French indirect object pronouns First, make sure that the French verb takes an indirect object.

First and second persons singular and plural Subject Indirect object Singular 1st person 2nd person je tu me te I you (to) me (to) you Plural nous vous we (to) us

Third person singular and plural (him, her, it and them) Direct object Indirect object Singular masculine Feminine le la People Things lui y him, it her, it (to) him (to) her (to) it Plural feminine les leur y them (to) them There are two types of 3rd person indirect object pronouns, those referring to people and animals and those referring to things and ideas. The indirect object pronoun of the 3rd person referring to people does not change form. The only way you can tell if lui refers to a male or a female is from what has been said before. e.g. Are you speaking to Paul? Yes, I am speaking to him. Identify the verb: it’s ‘to speak’ What is the French equivalent: parler Does the French verb require the preposition à before an object? Yes. Function of the pronoun in French: indirect object. Type of antecendent: person: Paul Selection: lui

There is only one form of the 3rd person indirect object pronouns referring to things and ideas: y: Are you answering the letter? Yes, I am answering it. Do you obey the laws? Yes, I obey them.

Translate He gives his sister the gift He gives her the gift

Personal pronouns (continued) Disjunctive (Stressed) pronouns French stressed pronouns (also known as disjunctive pronouns) are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun that refers to a person. There are 9 forms in French

Personal pronouns (continued) Disjunctive (Stressed) pronouns Subject Direct object Indirect object Reflexive Stressed je me* moi tu te* toi il,elle,on le, la lui se lui,elle,soi nous vous ils,elles les leur eux,elles

Use of stressed pronouns for emphasis: To highlight or emphasise a pronoun, a common strategy is to ‘double up’ by the addition of a stressed pronoun. e.g. Subject pronouns: Toi, tu le crois peut-être mais lui, il ne le croit pas YOU might believe that, but HE doesn’t

Stressed pronouns: (subject) The stressed subject pronoun copy may equally appear at the end of the clause with the same effect: Tu le crois peut-être toi, mais il ne le croit pas, lui.

Stressed pronouns: (subject) When third person subject pronouns are highlighted or emphasised, the stressed pronoun alone may, on occasions, be used: HE could do it THEY would know what to say

Stressed pronouns: (object) A common strategy is to add a second, stressed pronoun at either the beginning or the end of the clause: He confides in ME (and not in you) HE is known to be innocent

Stressed pronouns standing alone Stressed pronouns are normally used where the pronoun stands alone, or is in a phrase without a verb: Qui est là? Moi (not *je) Qui as-tu vu? Lui (not *il)

Reflexive verbs and pronouns A reflexive verb is a verb which is accompanied by a pronoun, called a reflexive pronoun, which serves ‘to reflect’ the action of the verb back to the subject.

Reflexive pronouns Subject Direct object Indirect object Reflexive Stressed je me* moi tu te* toi il,elle,on le, la lui se lui,elle,soi nous vous ils,elles les leur eux,elles

Reflexive pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used only with pronominal verbs (‘les verbes pronominaux’). They always agree with the subject of the sentence. Like object pronouns, the reflexive pronoun is placed directly in front of the verb in all tenses except the imperative. e.g. tu te lèves → lève-toi

Reflexive pronouns Reflexive pronouns always agree with their subjects, in all tenses and moods. I will get up We went to bed Are you going to shave?

Reflexive verbs are common in French. There are many English expressions that are not reflexive in English, but whose French equivalent is a reflexive verb. to get up to make a mistake to go to bed to stop to wake up to take a walk to be bored to have fun