Emeritus Professor, Virginia Tech Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in the United States National Taiwan Normal University, National United University, and National Science Council SIG Conference, September 2011 William E. Dugger, Jr. Emeritus Professor, Virginia Tech & Senior Fellow, International Technology and Engineering Educators Association

Outline of Presentation STEM – defined A few basic definitions National content standards for STEM? Why STEM is so important Some current work in U. S. affecting STEM: NAEP Common Core Standards Framework for K-12 Science Education Some U. S. efforts to support STEM Promises and challenges for STEM in the future

The Constitution of the United States grants the Federal Government no authority over Education, the 10th Amendment applies: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) STEM is the integration of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics into a trans- disciplinary subject in schools. STEM is a new offering in U. S. schools STEM education offers a chance for students to make sense of the world rather than learn isolated bits and pieces of phenomena STEM can be taught in a number of ways (integrated subject matter vs. ”silos” or other)

STEM: Integrated or Separated? Integrated STEM: The principles of science and the analysis of mathematics are combined with the design process of technology and engineering in the classroom. Separated S.T.E.M.: Each subject is taught separately with the hope that the synthesis of disciplinary knowledge will be applied. This may be referred to as STEM being taught as “Silos”

Some basic definitions

What is Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics???

STEM DEFINITIONS Science is the study of our natural world (National Science Education Standards, National Research Council, 1996). Technology is the modification of the natural world to meet to human wants and needs. (ITEA, 2000) Engineering is design under constraint (William Wulf, Past-president of National Academy of Engineering) Mathematics is the study of any patterns or relationships (AAAS, 1993)

Updated Definition of Technology Technology is the modification of the natural world to meet to human wants and needs (ITEA). ➤It helps us to improve our health; to grow and process food and fiber better; to harness and use energy more efficiently; to communicate more effectively; to process data faster and accurately; to move people and things easier; to make products to enhance our lives; and to build structures that provide shelter and comfort (Dugger).

ITEEA/Gallup Polls <http://www. iteea ITEEA/Gallup Polls <http://www.iteea.org/TAA/Publications/TAA_ Publications.html#Polls> 2001 and 2004 ITEEA/Gallup Polls. 1000/800 national telephone interviews. Theme: “What Americans Think About Technology”. Over 60% of Americans think that technology and science, as well as technology and engineering, are basically one and the same.

ITEEA/Gallup Polls (Continued) <http://www. iteea 98% believe that understanding the relationship between technology and science is important. Two-thirds view technology narrowly as computers, electronics, and the Internet. 97% stated that the study of technology should be included in the school curriculum.

The study of technology or Technology Education should NOT be confused with Information Technology, Educational (or instructional) Technology, or Information and Computer Technology (ICT)!

Why is STEM Education so Important in the U.S?

“For a society so deeply dependent on technology and engineering, we are largely ignorant about technology and engineering concepts and processes, and we (the U. S.) have largely ignored this incongruity in our educational system.” (Bybee, 2000)

Schooling is not relevant to many of our youth in the U. S. today: In the U.S. in 2009, approximately 1.25 million kids left school without a high school diploma … that’s about 7,000 students a day! (National Dropout Prevention Center, 2009)

The national Science Board in 2008 reported that the U. S The national Science Board in 2008 reported that the U. S. is currently experiencing a chronic decline in homegrown STEM talent and is increasingly dependent upon foreign scholars to fill the workforce and leadership voids.

The Council of Graduate Schools (2007) noted that graduate school admissions to some post secondary STEM programs are down by 30 percent over previous levels. In some areas, only 16 percent of students in science and engineering disciplines were citizens of the U.S.

Disturbing data: Only four percent of American college graduates in 2003 majored in engineering compared to 13 percent of European students and 20 percent of those in Asia.

(American Association of State Colleges and Universities, 2005) A recent report of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the number of jobs in STEM occupations will grow by 47 percent, three times the rate of all other occupations, by 2010. (American Association of State Colleges and Universities, 2005)

National Content Standards for STEM No current integrated STEM Standards Individual STEM Subject Standards Science Benchmarks for Science Literacy (AAAS. 1989) National Science Education Standards (NRC, 1996) New Framework of Science Standards (being developed now) Mathematics Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM, 2000)

Individual Standards (Continued): Engineering (None available) Technology Standards for Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of Technology (STE) (ITEA 2000,2002,2007)(ITEEA) Advancing Excellence in Technological Literacy: Student Assessment, Professional Development, and Program Standards (AETL)(ITEA 2003) Technology and Engineering Standards (maybe in future) www.iteea.org

Individual Standards (Continued): State Standards – Varies by state National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Common Core State Standards Framework for Science Education

2012 NAEP in Technological Literacy 5/13/09 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) (“The Nation’s Report Card”) 2014 Technology and Engineering Literacy Framework www.naeptech2012.org

NAEP 2014 Technology and Engineering Literacy Framework What is NAEP? Evolution and Background Process of Framework Development Steering Committee Planning Committee

2012 NAEP in Technological Literacy 5/13/09 Overall Purposes Develop the recommended framework and specifications for NAEP Technology and Engineering Literacy Assessment in 2014 for grades 4, 8, and 12. Recommend grade level(s) for the “probe” assessment in 2014. Recommend important background variables associated with student achievement in Technology and Engineering Literacy that should be included in NAEP Assessment. The assessment will be entirely computer-based.

Major Assessment Areas 2012 NAEP in Technological Literacy 5/13/09 Major Assessment Areas Technology & Society Design & Systems Information & Communication Technology (ICT) Interaction of Technology and Humans Effects of Technology on the Natural World Effects of Technology on the World of Information and Knowledge Ethics, Equity and Responsibility Nature of Technology Engineering Design Systems Thinking Maintenance and Troubleshooting Construction and Exchange of Ideas and Solutions Information Research Investigation of Problems Acknowledgement of Ideas and Information Selection and Use of Digital Tools

Common Core State Standards National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers 2010 www.corestandards.org

Common Core State Standards (Continued) Standards for English-language arts and mathematics Grades K-12 Developed in collaboration with a variety of stakeholders including content experts, states, teachers, school administrators and parents. The standards establish clear and consistent goals for learning that will prepare America’s children for success in college and work.  Forty-four states have stated that they will adopt these standards.

www7.nationalacademies.org/bose A Framework for K-12 Science Standards: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas Board on Science Education, The National Research Council July, 2011 www7.nationalacademies.org/bose

HOW THE FRAMEWORK WAS DEVELOPED: NRC convened a 18 person committee in 2009- 2010 to develop a framework Draft of framework was released in summer of 2010 for first review Committee revised draft based on input received Framework went through NRC review process also with more than 20 experts providing detailed comments Committee revised framework in 2011 Final framework was released in July 2011

Dimension 1: Scientific and Engineering Practices: 1. Asking questions (for science) and defining problems (for engineering) 2. Developing and using models 3. Planning and carrying out investigations 4. Analyzing and interpreting data

Dimension 1: Scientific and Engineering Practices (Continued) 5. Using mathematics and computational thinking 6. Constructing explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering) 7. Engaging in argument from evidence 8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

Dimension 2: Crosscutting Concepts That Have Common Application Across Fields: 1. Patterns 2. Cause and effect: mechanism and explanation 3. Scale, proportion, and quantity 4. Systems and system models 5. Energy and matter: flows, cycles, and conservation 6. Structure and function 7. Stability and change

Dimension 3: Core Ideas in Four Disciplinary Areas: 1. Physical Sciences PS 1: Matter and its interactions PS 2: Motion and stability: Forces and interactions PS 3: Energy PS 4: Waves and their applications in technologies for information transfer

Dimension 3: Core Ideas in Four Disciplinary Areas (Continued): 2. Life Sciences LS 1: From molecules to organisms: Structures and processes LS 2: Ecosystems: Interactions, energy, and dynamics LS 3: Heredity: Inheritance and variation of traits LS 4: Biological Evolution: Unity and diversity  

Dimension 3: Core Ideas in Four Disciplinary Areas (Continued): 3. Earth and Space Sciences ESS 1: Earth’s place in the universe ESS 2: Earth’s systems ESS 3: Earth and human activity

Dimension 3: Core Ideas in Four Disciplinary Areas (Continued): 4. Engineering, Technology, and the Applications of Science ETS 1: Engineering design ETS 2: Links among engineering, technology, science, and society

Some U. S. Efforts to Support STEM Education: International Technology and Engineering Educators Association (ITEEA)(www.iteea.org) The National Academies (NAS, NAE, NRC)(www.nap.edu) National Science Foundation (NSF) (www.nsf.gov) American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)(www.asee.org) Federal and State Efforts

Promises and Challenges for STEM Some promises from STEM: Enhance student learning in the subjects of critical need:* STEM is an excellent way to synthesize and give more meaning to closely related subjects. Students gain knowledge and abilities in an integrated environment. Students are encouraged to be more innovative in what they are learning. Students describe STEM as appealing and fulfilling * Some of this content came from Dr. John Ritz (Professor) and Amanda Roberts (PhD Student) at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA

Promises and Challenges for STEM Some challenges of STEM: STEM requires systemic change by policy makers, administration, and teachers to set the agenda and make the transition:* Change is difficult to make. Many teachers were not prepared (nor want) to teach in an integrated environment. The formal integration of subjects in the U. S. has not met with much success in the past. May require additional resources. * Some of this content came from Dr. John Ritz (Professor) and Amanda Roberts (PhD Student) at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA

The items discussed were: SUMMARY: This presentation has provided a view of the development and status of STEM in the U.S. The items discussed were: STEM – defined A few basic definitions National content standards for STEM? Why STEM is so important Some current work in U. S. affecting STEM: NAEP Common Core Standards Framework for K-12 Science Education Some U. S. efforts to support STEM Promises and challenges for STEM in the future

Thank you! William E. Dugger, Jr. Senior Fellow and Former Director Technology for All Americans Project International Technology and Engineering Educators Association wdugger@iteea.org and Emeritus Professor, Virginia Tech dugger@vt.edu

This presentation may be viewed or downloaded at: http://www.iteea.org/ Resources/PressRoom/ pressroom.htm