The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13B Body Systems in Vertebrates

Circulatory System All vertebrates have blood All vertebrates have blood Blood circulates due to pumping action of heart Blood circulates due to pumping action of heart

Circulatory System Blood: Blood: – Brings food to cells – Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide – Other substances taken to and from cells

Circulatory System Oxygenated blood has abundant oxygen Oxygenated blood has abundant oxygen Deoxygenated blood has given most of its oxygen to body cells and has taken on carbon dioxide Deoxygenated blood has given most of its oxygen to body cells and has taken on carbon dioxide

Circulatory System Vertebrate hearts contain chambers Vertebrate hearts contain chambers Blood is pumped in one direction only Blood is pumped in one direction only – Arteries – Veins

Circulatory System Fish have two- chambered hearts Fish have two- chambered hearts Most reptiles and adult amphibians have three-chambered hearts Most reptiles and adult amphibians have three-chambered hearts

Circulatory System Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts Birds and mammals have four-chambered hearts – Two chambers pump oxygenated blood – Two chambers pump deoxygenated blood

Evidence of Design Irreducible complexity Irreducible complexity – Heart – Gills (or lungs) for gas exchange – Blood – Muscles, nerves, and hormones

Evidence of Design Irreducible complexity Irreducible complexity – Blood vessels – Respiratory system – How could the cells survive before everything else developed?

Respiratory System Supplies body with oxygen Supplies body with oxygen Carries away carbon dioxide waste Carries away carbon dioxide waste Gills are used by vertebrates living in water Gills are used by vertebrates living in water – Some invertebrates, too

Respiratory System Gills Gills – Capillaries – Exchange of carbon dioxide in blood for oxygen in water – Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated blood

Counter current flow

Respiratory System Lungs Lungs – Air chambers – Capillaries – Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated blood – Breathing – Diaphragm

Nervous System Central nervous system (CNS) Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain – Spinal cord

Nervous System Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Nerves Cranial nerves Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Spinal nerves – Sensory receptors – Sensory organs

Nervous System PNS receives stimuli PNS receives stimuli PNS carries impulses from CNS to various muscles and organs PNS carries impulses from CNS to various muscles and organs Reactions are controlled in the CNS Reactions are controlled in the CNS

Digestive System Mouth Mouth – Some mechanical and chemical digestion in certain animals Esophagus Esophagus Stomach Stomach – Some chemical digestion, but mostly mechanical digestion

Digestive System Small intestine Small intestine – Digestive enzymes for chemical digestion – Site of diffusion for digested nutrients – Helped by accessory organs

Digestive System (Accessory Organs) Liver Liver – Bile – Gallbladder Pancreas Pancreas

Digestive System Large intestine Large intestine – Water absorption Anus Anus

Digestive System Groups based on the food they eat: Groups based on the food they eat: – Herbivores – Carnivores – Omnivores

Excretory System Kidneys Kidneys Ureter Ureter Urinary bladder Urinary bladder

The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13C Fish

Fish Ectothermic Ectothermic Live in water Live in water

Fish Anatomy Propulsion Propulsion – Swim bladder Closed circulatory system Closed circulatory system – Two-chambered heart – Blood vessels

Fish Anatomy Scales Scales Lateral line Lateral line Most fish reproduce by spawning Most fish reproduce by spawning – A few give birth to live fish

Fish Groups Jawless fish Jawless fish – No jaws, scales, or paired fins – Lampreys and hagfish

Fish Groups Cartilaginous fish Cartilaginous fish – Endoskeleton is made of cartilage – Have jaws, scales, and paired fins – Sharks, skates, rays

Fish Groups Bony fish Bony fish – Largest group – Endoskeleton is made of bone – Have jaws and paired fins

The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13D Amphibians

Amphibians Ectothermic vertebrates that usually live in water when young but can live on land when adults

Development Amphibians are the only vertebrates that undergo metamorphosis Amphibians are the only vertebrates that undergo metamorphosis Young have gills; adults have lungs Young have gills; adults have lungs

Development Two-chambered heart to three-chambered heart Two-chambered heart to three-chambered heart Growth of limbs Growth of limbs

Amphibian Groups Those with tails in adulthood Those with tails in adulthood Those without tails in adulthood Those without tails in adulthood

Tailless Amphibians Frogs and toads Frogs and toads Resorb tails during metamorphosis Resorb tails during metamorphosis Hibernation Hibernation Estivation Estivation

Tailless Amphibians Salamanders Salamanders – Many found in Appalachian region of southeastern US – Usually small

The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Chapter 13E Reptiles

Reptiles Breathe air with lungs Breathe air with lungs Do not experience metamorphosis Do not experience metamorphosis Dry, scaly skin Dry, scaly skin Three-chambered heart Three-chambered heart Most lay eggs Most lay eggs

Reptile Groups Snakes and lizards Snakes and lizards Alligators and crocodiles Alligators and crocodiles Turtles Turtles Tuataras Tuataras

Snakes and Lizards Molting Molting Snakes do not hear or see well Snakes do not hear or see well Snakes are carnivores Snakes are carnivores Snakes can swallow prey Snakes can swallow prey

Snakes and Lizards Snakes can be found in almost any environment Snakes can be found in almost any environment Lizards are usually found in warm/hot, dry places Lizards are usually found in warm/hot, dry places

Crocodiles and Alligators Usually in tropical or subtropical climates Usually in tropical or subtropical climates Usually found in fresh water Usually found in fresh water Only two species in the United States Only two species in the United States

Turtles Sea turtles Sea turtles Tortoises Tortoises Terrapins Terrapins Two hard, bony shells Two hard, bony shells