© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1

2 2 2 C H A P T E R EVOLUTION OF THE MEDICAL AND ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 3 Early Influences in Medicine  Imhotep: Rational empiricism  Hippocrates: Illness results from natural causes (Figure 2-1)  Library at Alexandria: Center for investigation, inquiry, debate

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4 4 Early Influences in Medicine  Galen: Performed surgeries; treated psychosomatic illnesses  Fracastoro: Developed spore (germ) theory

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5 5 American Physicians  Historically, had little formal education  Learned through apprenticeships  Modern education now rigorous  Includes medical school, internship, and residency

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 6 Physician Specialties  Internal Medicine  Dermatology  Pediatrics  Family Medicine  Obstetrics  Ophthalmology  Surgery

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7 7 Approaches to Medicine and Surgery  Allopathy: Traditional, Western approach to medicine (Figure 2-5)  Osteopathy: Focus on musculoskeletal health and mental/physical wellness

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8 8 The Formation of the American Medical Association  Encouraged licensing and higher educational standards  Reviewed cases and professional papers  Facilitated exchange of ideas and experiences

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9 9 Early Healthcare Providers  Religious leaders and organizations  Healers working one-on-one  Families caring for their own members

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 © 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 Early Provider Alternatives  Charity clinics, dispensaries, hospitals  Services were free, but low quality  Poor, unsanitary conditions  Allowed spread of diseases

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11 © 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11 Other Administrative Roles in Medicine  Psychiatric hospitals housed and cared for mentally ill.  Hospital administrators oversee all aspects of hospital operations.

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12 © 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12 Allied Health--Pharmacy  Apothecaries: Untrained sellers of home remedies  Variety of materials used for medicine (Table 2-2)  Pharmacists today have doctorate degrees (Figure 2-6)

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 © 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 Other Allied Health Professions  Eye Care Professionals  Podiatry  Chiropractic Medicine  Midwifery

© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14 © 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14 Gender and Medicine  Historically male-dominated profession  Women contributed, but were not recognized.  Currently almost half of medical students are women.