Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties Unit 15 Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties

Ophthalmology ophthalm/o = combining form for eye Examples: ophthalm/ic = pertaining to eye ocular = pertaining to eye ophthalm/o/logy = medical specialty studying eye disease and surgery ophthalm/o/logist = physician who practices this specialty

Ophthalmology Examples: ophthalm/o/pathy = any eye disease ophthalm/itis = inflammation of eye ophthalm/algia and ophthalm/o/dynia = pain in eye ophthalm/o/ptosis and ophthalm/o/cele = herniation of eye ex/ophthalm/os = protrusion of eyeball ophthalm/o/plegia = paralysis of eye muscles

Ophthalmology Examples: ophthalm/o/meter = instrument for measuring eyeball ophthalm/o/scope = instrument used for examination of interior of eye ophthalm/o/scopy = process of examining eye with scope ophthalm/o/plasty = plastic surgery of eye

Ophthalmology opt/o = combining form for vision Examples: opt/o/metry = measurement of vision opt/o/metrist = one who measures visual acuity opt/ic nerve = cranial nerve for vision

Eye Specialists Ophthalmologist Ophthalmic technician Medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) Physician specialist who treats eye diseases and performs surgery Ophthalmic technician Special technician trained to assist ophthalmologists

Eye Specialists Optometrist Doctor of optometry (O.D.) Licensed practitioner limited to eye examinations and prescribing corrective lenses

Vision Conditions How vision works: Light enters lens of eye, is refracted, and image is focused on retina -opia = suffix meaning vision condition

Vision Conditions my/opia = nearsightedness See close objects, but not distant ones hyper/opia = farsightedness See distant objects, but not close ones presby/opia = loss of accommodation Lens fails to adjust Especially for seeing close objects

Myopia and Hyperopia

Vision Conditions dipl/opia = double vision Crossed eyes Both eyes fail to record same image on brain di/opt/er = unit of measurement of refraction in eye Used to prescribe corrective lenses

Vision Conditions phor/opt/er = instrument to determine prescription strength needed for corrective lenses

Vision Conditions Defects that cause objects to appear different colors: cyan/opsia = blue vision xanth/opsia = yellow vision chlor/opsia = green vision erythr/opsia = red vision

Directional Terms in Ophthalmology Strabismus or squint When eyes appear to be turned in abnormal position tropia = turning exo/tropia = eyes pointing outward eso/tropia = eyes pointing inward hyper/tropia = eyes pointing upward hypo/tropia = eyes pointing downward

Esotropia and Exotropia

Structures of the Eye

Eyeball

Eyelid blephar/o = combining term Examples: blephar/o/ptosis = prolapse of eyelid blephar/edema = swelling of eyelid edema = swelling due to fluid retention blephar/itis = inflammation of eyelid blephar/o/spasm = twitching of eyelid

Eyelid Procedures blephar/o/tomy = incision of eyelid blephar/ectomy = excision of lesions on eyelid blephar/o/plasty = surgical repair of eyelid blephar/o/rrhaphy = suture of eyelid

Eyelid Conjunctiva conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva Membrane that lines eyelids and sclera conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva More than 30 types of inflammation

Cornea corne and kerat = word roots corne/o and kerat/o = combining forms Examples: corne/al = pertaining to cornea corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris corne/o/scler/al = pertaining to cornea and sclera

Cornea Examples: kerat/o/rrhexis = corneal rupture kerat/o/scler/itis = inflammation of cornea and sclera kerat/o/tomy = incision of cornea kerat/ectasia = forward bulging of cornea kerat/o/cele = herniation or protrusion of cornea kerat/o/plasty = corneal transplant

Lens phac/o = combining form for crystalline lens of eye Origin Greek phacos = lentil Shape of eye lens

Lens Examples: phac/o/cele = protrusion of lens phac/o/emulsion = removal of cataracts using ultrasonic device to emulsify eye lens for removal

Sclera White, hard outer coat of eye Origin Greek scleras = hard

Sclera Examples: scler/al = pertaining to sclera scler/itis = inflammation of sclera scler/ectomy = excision of all or part of sclera scler/o/stomy = formation of opening into sclera

Iris Colored part of eye that helps regulate amount of light that enters ir/ides = plural form irid/o = combining form Examples: irid/o/cele = protrusion or dislocation of iris irid/algia = pain in iris

Iris Examples: irid/o/malacia = softening of iris irid/o/rrhexis = rupture of iris irid/o/plegia and irid/o/paralysis = paralysis of iris irid/ectomy = excision of part or all of iris

Iris Conditions ir/itis = inflammation of iris corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris scler/o/ir/itis = inflammation of sclera and iris irid/o/ptosis = prolapse of iris

Retina Layer at back of eyeball where images formed and sent to brain retin/o = combining form Examples: retin/al = pertaining to retina retin/itis = inflammation of retina

Retina Examples: retin/o/scope = instrument used to measure refractive error of retina retin/o/scopy = process of using retinoscope Skiascopy Proper term for retinoscopy retin/o/pexy and retin/o/plasty = fixation or repair of detached retina

Retina Macular degeneration Deterioration of macula Area on retina near optic nerve Common cause of blindness in elderly Treatment for some types: Intraocular injection of medication to slow progression

Glaucoma Eye disease with increased intraocular pressure Can result in blindness if not treated Three basic types: Open angle Angle closure Congenital

Pupil Opening in iris through which light passes cor = word root cor/e, core/o, and pupill/o = combining forms Examples: cor/ect/opia = pupil out of place cor/e/lysis = destruction of pupil cor/ectasia = dilation or stretching of pupil

Pupil Examples: anis/o/cor/ia = unequal pupil size core/o/plasty = plastic surgery of pupil core/o/meter and pupill/o/meter = instrument for measuring pupil core/o/metry and pupill/o/metry = process of measuring pupil

Ciliary Body Thin vascular layer that encircles inside of iris cycl/o = combining form Origin Greek cyclos = circle

Ciliary Body Examples: cycl/o/plegia = paralysis of ciliary body cycl/o/keratitis = inflammation of ciliary body and cornea

Animation Click Here to Play Vision Animation

Tears lacrim/ation = tearing lacrim/o = combining form Examples: lacrim/al = pertaining to tears lacrim/al gland = gland that secretes tears lacrim/al sac = sac that collects lacrimal fluid nas/o/lacrim/al duct = means by which lacrimal fluid drained away

Tears dacry = word root for tears Examples: dacry/o/rrhea = excessive lacrimation dacry/o/cyst/itis = tear sac inflammation dacry/o/aden/algia = pain in tear gland dacry/o/cyst/o/ptosis = prolapse of tear sac dacry/oma = tumor of tear duct or gland

Tears Examples: dacry/o/py/o/rrhea = discharge of pus from tear gland dacry/o/cyst/o/cele = hernia of tear sac dacry/o/lith = stone in tear sac dacry/o/cyst/o/tome = instrument for incising tear sac

Nails onych/o = combining form Examples: onych/osis = any nail condition onych/oid = resembling fingernail onych/o/malac/ia = softening of nails onych/o/phagia = nail biting

Nail Conditions onych/oma = tumor of nail or nail bed onych/o/myc/osis = fungus infection of nails onych/o/crypt/osis = ingrown nail

Hair trich/o = combining form Examples: trich/oid = resembling hair trich/o/pathy = any hair disease trich/o/glossia = hairy tongue trich/iasis = formation of hair trich/o/genous = promotes growth of hair

Hair Examples: alopec/ia = condition of baldness trich/o/phobia = abnormal fear of hair trich/o/phagia = swallowing hair alopec/ia = condition of baldness Types: Alopecia areata Alopecia congenitalis Alopecia medicamentosa

Endocrinology endo/crine = secrete inside Refers to glands that secrete hormones endo/crin/o/logy = medical specialty studying endocrine system endo/crin/o/logist = physician who specializes in study of endocrine system

Endocrinology Combining Forms Meaning thyroid/o or thyr/o thyroid gland thym/o thymus gland adren/o adrenal gland pancreat/o pancreas oophor/o ovary testic, orchid/o, or orchi/o testis

Animation Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation

Adrenal Glands supra/renal glands = alternate name Due to location above kidneys Stimulate autonomic nervous system adren/erg/ic receptors = activated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, and adrenergic drugs adrenergic = pertaining to adrenal work Epinephrine dilates bronchi Used to treat asthma

Adrenal Glands adren/o/corticoid = hormone produced by adrenal glands Cortisone adren/o/pathy = any adrenal gland disease adren/o/megaly = enlargement of adrenal glands adren/o/lysis = destruction of adrenal tissue

Thyroid Gland thyr/o/xine or thyr/o/xin = hormone produced by thyroid thyr/oid/ectomy = excision of thyroid gland hyper/thyroid/ism = overactive thyroid hypo/thyroid/ism = underactive thyroid

Other Endocrine Terms test/o/sterone = hormone produced by testes thym/osin = hormone secreted by thymus that stimulates development of T-cells pancreat/itis = inflammation of pancreas oophor/oma = tumor in ovary testic/ular = pertaining to testes

Steroidal Hormones Steroids Lipid hormones Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone Testosterone affects male libido Estrogen affects female fertility Synthesized from cholesterol in ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands Enter cell nuclei to affect cell function Code ribonucleic acid (RNA) to produce proteins

Non-Steroidal Hormones Protein-based hormones Link to receptors on cell membrane E.g., insulin produced by pancreas Insulin allows glucose to enter cells Lack of insulin can result in hyper/glyc/emia and dia/betes

Blood Conditions -emia = condition of or in blood Examples: isch/emia = blood flow interrupted transient isch/emic attack = temporary interruption of blood flow Usually in brain

Blood Conditions Examples: leuk/emia = blood cancer an/emia = reduction in RBCs hyper/emia = too much blood (in one part) ur/emia = urine constituents in blood hemat/ur/ia = blood in urine

Trauma Wound or injury traumat/o = combining form Examples: traumat/o/logy = study of wound care traumat/ic = pertaining to wounds or being wounded

Trauma Type of Wound Description abrasion scraped skin contusion bruise avulsion accidental, forceful pulling out fracture break or crack of bone laceration cut or jagged wound puncture penetration of pointed object

Medical Specialties Specialty Specialist Limits of Field pathology pathologist causes and nature of diseases dermatology dermatologist skin neurology neurologist nervous system gynecology gynecologist female conditions urology urologist male conditions and all urinary diseases endocrinology endocrinologist glands of internal secretion

Medical Specialties Specialty Specialist Limits of Field oncology oncologist neoplasms (cancer) cardiology cardiologist heart ophthalmology ophthalmologist eye otorhinolaryng-ology otorhinolaryng-ologist ear, nose, and throat obstetrics obstetrician pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium geriatrics geriatrician elderly

Medical Specialties Specialty Specialist Limits of Field pediatrics pediatrician children orthopedics orthopedist bones and muscles psychiatry psychiatrist mental disorders audiology audiologist hearing function radiology radiologist diagnostic imaging and therapeutic x-ray chiropractic chiropractor manipulation therapy podiatry podiatrist foot conditions

Cells phag/o/cyte = cell that eats microorganisms phag/o/cyt/osis = process of cell eating microorganisms phag/o = to eat or swallow cyt/o/phagy = ingestion of cells by phagocytes macr/o/phage = large phagocyte micr/o/phage = small phagocyte

Cells cyt/o/meter = instrument for counting cells cyt/o/metry = process of counting cells cyt/o/scopy = examination of cells cyt/o/stasis = stopping or controlling cells

Miscellaneous Terms ambi/valence = having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas diplo/bacillus = bacillus that occurs in pairs diplo/coccus = coccus that grows in pairs eu/phoria = feeling of well-being dys/phoria = feeling of depression