1. Problems with Vision

2. Emmetropic
the normal condition of the eye in which visual images are in clear focus on the retina

3. What is 20/20 Vision?
A "normal" human being should be able to see when standing 20 feet away from an eye chart.
20/20 Vision means that when you stand 20 feet away from the chart you can see what the "normal" human being can see.
20/100 means that when you stand 20 feet from the chart you can see what a normal person standing 100 feet away can see.
20/200 is the cutoff for legal blindness in the United States.
So, can you have better than 20/20 vision?
Yep….20/10 can see at 20 feet what a normal person can see when standing 10 feet away from the chart.

4. Hyperopia “Farsightedness”
Objects far away are clear but close objects are blurry.
Light is focused on a point behind the retina.
Cause: Eye is shorter in distance than normal.
Signs:
Trouble seeing up close
Headaches – due to eye strain
Eye fatigue when reading

5. Solution: Glasses that are convex (thickest in the center).
Allows light to refract through the lens changing the focal point

6. Hyperopia can be corrected by wearing a convex (converging) spectacle lens. The rays of light from a near object are converged before entering the eye so that the cornea and eye lens can direct the focal point onto the retina.

7. Myopia “Nearsightedness”
Objects close are clear but objects far away are blurry.
Light is focused in front of the retina.
Cause: The eyeball it too long.
Signs:
Difficulty seeing the chalkboard
Difficulty seeing things in the distant

8. Solution:
Glasses that are concave (thicker on the edges)

9. Myopia can be corrected by wearing a concave (diverging) spectacle lens. The rays of light from a near object are diverged before entering the eye so that the cornea and eye lens can direct the focal point onto the retina.

10. Eye Care Professionals
Ophthalmologists
Medical Doctors who provides full eye care
gives you a complete eye exam
prescribes corrective lenses
diagnoses and treats complex eye diseases
performs eye surgery

11. Optometrists
is a Doctor of Optometry – Not a Medical Doctor
evaluates your vision
Prescribes corrective lenses
diagnoses common eye disorders and treats selected eye diseases with drugs
will likely refer you to an ophthalmologist for more complex eye problems and for conditions requiring surgery.

12. Opticians
fill prescriptions for eyeglasses
assembling, fitting and selling them.
sell and fit contact lenses.

13. Common Problems of the Eyes

14. Glaucoma
A group of conditions that can damage the optic nerve causing vision loss or blindness.
Due to fluids in the eye not draining properly leading to pressure build up causing damage to the optic nerve.
Signs/Symptoms
None at first
Peripheral vision fails
Loose peripheral vision altogether making feel as though they are looking in a tunnel.
Who Gets It?
African American
Genetic
Can happen due to trauma

15. Testing
During routine eye exams, a tonometer is used to measure your intraocular pressure.
Your eye typically is numbed with eye drops, and a small probe gently rests against your eye's surface
Or a small puff of air is puffed onto your eye's surface.
Treatment
Eye drops
Continual eye care and exams

16. Cataracts Clouding of the lens (behind iris and pupil).
That lens is made of protein and water.
Proteins are aligned in a way to make the lens appear clear, can see through it.
Proteins that are miss aligned causes a cloudy appearance.
Will start out small and end in all of the lens becoming cloudy.

17. Occurs from Treatment Unknown
Exposure to UV rays – wear your sunglasses
Age
Medication – steroids
Diabetes
Treatment
Wearing glasses, reducing light until worse
Surgery
the surgeon will remove your clouded lens and replace it with a clear, plastic intraocular lens.
What type of “Surgeon” would perform this surgery?

18.
Surgery Animation

19. Macular Degeneration Leading cause of vision loss in Americans
Affects the macula of the eye (the retina)
Due to
The gradual breakdown of cells in the macula (“Dry Form”)
Gradual blurring in center of vision
Abnormal blood vessels in the retina, leak/bleed causing scarring of the retina (“Wet Form”).
Can progress quickly

21. Cause: Signs and Symptoms: Unknown Genetic Race = Caucasian
Age = Older, more chance
Females
Light eyed (iris color)
Medication
Signs and Symptoms:
Blurred close-up vision
Blind spots
Objects are smaller in one eye than another

22. Treatment Test – Amsler Grid Vitamins Use of vision aids and machines
Magnifying glass
Talking watches, clocks
Can not be fixed
Test – Amsler Grid
Cover one eye
Look at dot in center of grid.
If lines look wavy, = problem

23. Positive test for Macular Degeneration

24. Retinitis Pigmentosa Condition in which damage occurs to the retina
Rods and cones die within the retina
Occurs gradually and worsens with time
Cause
Genetic (several different gene mutations that can result in this condition)
Symptoms
Rods are usually affected first leading to diminished peripheral vision and night vision (driving)
Bumping into objects
Tunnel vision
When cones start dying, your color vision diminishes

25. Treatments New studies show that Vitamin A and DHA (omega-3) helps
Use of vision aids and machines
Magnifying glass
Talking watches, clocks
No cure at this time