S.C. Shapiro An Introduction to SNePS 3 Stuart C. Shapiro Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Center for Cognitive Science State University of New York at Buffalo

S.C. Shapiro Outline Setting Basic SNePS Principles Examples 4 Kinds of Inference Summary

S.C. Shapiro Parentage of SNePS 3 SNePS 2.5 ANALOG –Structured (Conceptually Complete) Variables Currently being implemented –in CLOS and/or Java.

S.C. Shapiro SNePS KRR Style Network-based Logic-based Intended as the LOT of a NL-competent cognitive agent.

S.C. Shapiro Outline Setting Basic SNePS Principles Examples 4 Kinds of Inference Summary

S.C. Shapiro Basic SNePS Principles A Summary of Syntax and Semantics Propositional Semantic Network Term Logic Intensional Representation Uniqueness Principle Paraconsistent Logic.

S.C. Shapiro Propositional Semantic Network The only well-formed SNePS expressions are nodes. –Arcs do not have semantics Do not have assertional import

S.C. Shapiro Term Logic Every well-formed SNePS expression is a term. –Even propositions are denoted by terms. –Propositions can be arguments without leaving first- order logic.

S.C. Shapiro Intensional Representation SNePS terms represent (denote) intensional (mental) entities. –Cognitively distinct entities denoted by distinct terms Even if co-extensional –Every term denotes a mental entity. No term for purely technical reasons

S.C. Shapiro Uniqueness Principle No two SNePS terms denote the same entity. –Syntactically distinct terms are semantically distinct. –Full structure sharing.

S.C. Shapiro Paraconsistent Logic A contradiction does not imply anything whatsoever. –A contradiction in one subdomain does not corrupt another.

S.C. Shapiro Outline Setting Basic SNePS Principles Examples 4 Kinds of Inference Summary

S.C. Shapiro Example: Term Logic & Conceptual Relations

S.C. Shapiro Example SNePS Ontology

S.C. Shapiro Example SNePS Ontology

S.C. Shapiro Example SNePS Ontology

S.C. Shapiro Example SNePS Ontology

S.C. Shapiro Example SNePS Ontology

S.C. Shapiro Example SNePS Ontology

S.C. Shapiro Cassie talks to Stu

S.C. Shapiro Outline Setting Basic SNePS Principles Examples 4 Kinds of Inference Summary

S.C. Shapiro Wire-Based Inference

S.C. Shapiro Wire-Based Inference

S.C. Shapiro Path-Based Inference

S.C. Shapiro Path-Based Inference member class

S.C. Shapiro Path-Based Inference

S.C. Shapiro Node-Based Inference If B1 is a talking robot, then B1 is intelligent.

S.C. Shapiro Node-Based Inference

S.C. Shapiro Node-Based Inference

S.C. Shapiro Node-Based Inference

S.C. Shapiro SNePS 2.5 Generic Version

S.C. Shapiro Subsumption Inference

S.C. Shapiro Outline Setting Basic SNePS Principles Examples 4 Kinds of Inference Summary

S.C. Shapiro Summary SNePS: a Logic- and Network-Based KRR with its own Syntax, Semantics, Proof Theory SNePS 3 has 4 kinds of inference –Wire-based –Path-based –Node-based –Subsumption SNePS 3 is currently being implemented.

S.C. Shapiro SNeRG Home Page

S.C. Shapiro Wire-Based Inference Assume (define-relation :name“member” :typeentity :adjustreduce :limit1)

S.C. Shapiro Path-Based Inference Assume (define-path class (compose class (kstar (compose subclass- ! superclass)))

S.C. Shapiro Node-Based Inference E.g. Using and-entailment {P 1, …, P n } &=> {Q 1, …, Q m }