1. cse@buffalo SNePS 3 for Ontologies Stuart C. Shapiro Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Cognitive Science University at Buffalo, The State University of New York 201 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-2000 shapiro@cse.buffalo.edu http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/

2. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro2 What Is SNePS? A logic-based And network-based KRR system To support NL understanding & generation And commonsense reasoning Including ontological reasoning.

3. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro3 Logic-Based As expressive as higher-order logic Broad set of logical rules of inference.

4. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro4 Network-Based Efficient, path-based reasoning Restricted set of logical rules of inference Useful for ontological reasoning.

5. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro5 SNePS 2 Implemented Long history of use.

6. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro6 Ontological Reasoning in SNePS 2 DisjointSubclass({Urochordate, Cephalachordate, Vertebrate}, Chordate)! DisjointSubclass({Mammal, Bird, Fish}, Vertebrate)! DisjointSubclass({Dog, Cat}, Mammal)! all(x)(Subclass(x, Vertebrate) Have(x, spine)). : Subclass(Dog, Chordate)? Subclass(Dog,Chordate) : Subclass(Cat, Cephalachordate)? ~Subclass(Cat,Cephalachordate) : Have(Dog, spine)? Have(Dog,spine) : Have(Cephalachordate, spine)? ~Have(Cephalachordate,spine)

7. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro7 SNePS 3 Partially implemented In development.

8. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro8 Basic Ideas of SNePS 3 Arbitrary Terms (any x R (x)) Indefinite Terms (some x (y 1 … y n ) R (x)) Type checking of arguments

9. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro9 Ontology in SNePS 3 Isa({(any Arb1 Isa(Arb1, Urochordate)), (any Arb2 Isa(Arb2, Cephalachordate)), (any Arb3 Isa(Arb3, Vertebrate))}, Chordate) Isa({(any Arb5 Isa(Arb5, Mammal)), (any Arb6 Isa(Arb6, Bird)), (any Arb7 Isa(Arb7, Fish))}, Vertebrate) Isa({(any Arb8 Isa(Arb8, Dog)), (any Arb9 Isa(Arb9, Cat)), (any Arb10 Isa(Arb10, Monkey)), (any Arb11 Isa(Arb11, Ape))}, Mammal) Isa({(any Arb12 Isa(Arb12, Gorilla)), (any Arb13 Isa(Arb13, Chimp)), (any Arb14 Isa(Arb14, Orangutan))}, Ape) Isa(J Fred, Chimp) Property((any Arb3 Isa(Arb3, Vertebrate)), furry)

10. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro10 Inferences Isa((any Arb8 Isa(Arb8, Dog)), Chordate) Property((any Arb13 Isa(Arb13, Chimp)), furry) Isa(J Fred, Chordate) Property(J Fred, furry)

11. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro11 Collaboration Ad Looking to collaborate with content providers Or research on design of ontologies

12. cse@buffalo September, 2004S. C. Shapiro12 More Information on SNePS and The SNePS Research Group http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/sneps/