Characteristics of the first jobs of recent school leavers in Serbia and Ukraine Irena Kogan MZES, University of Mannheim

Status of first ever and first significant employment by country Larger proportion of Ukrainians in registered employment Larger proportion of Serbs in informal labour market Larger proportion of Serbs as family helpers

Self-employment among youths First ever job n Serbia: shopkeepers, employees of their own company, farmers and self-employed craftsmen, and street-sellers n Ukraine: workers (qualified or not), professionals, street-sellers and shop/café/restaurant owners First significant job n Serbia: shop-keepers, self-employed craftsmen, farmers and employees of their own company n Ukraine: qualified workers, shop/café/restaurant owners, farmers, self- employed unqualified workers, street-sellers and professionals Both countries: the majority of self-employed have no employees n Serbia: 69% in a first ever job and 62% in a first significant job have no employees n Ukraine: 77% in a first ever job and 70% in a first significant job

Status of first ever employment in Serbia and Ukraine by education 1 st significant job Is less precarious than in the 1st ever job

Status of first ever employment in Serbia and Ukraine by gender n Women are more likely to be in registered employment in 1 st ever job n Men are more likely to be self- employed and family helpers

Occupational status of first ever employment in Serbia and Ukraine Is higher for 1st significant employment

Industrial structure of first ever employment

Job characteristics of first ever and first significant employment n Serbian youth are more likely to be employed in the private sector n First ever jobs are more found in the private sector n Fewer women in the private sector in Serbia, no gender differences in the Ukraine n Ukrainians are more likely to be employed in middle-size or bigger firms. Serbia: 50% in firms up to 10 persons, 70% in firms up to 50 people. Ukraine: the respective figures are 22% and 50% n Serbians tend to work an hour per week longer than Ukrainians (43.3 vs in 1st ever and 44.3 vs in 1st significant) n No gender difference in hours worked in Serbia, in Ukraine women work 3-4 hours less n The average number of hours per week tends to decrease with increasing educational level in both countries

Full vs. part-time employment n Part-time employment is more pronounced in the Ukraine n Part-time is less pronounced in significant employment n Serbian women are less likely to work part-time than men, the opposite is true for Ukraine n The main reason for part-time employment in both countries is an inability of young people to find a full-time job (more pronounced in Serbia) n Other reasons: u combination of studies and work (Ukraine, 1st ever job) u desire to have part-time job u family reasons

Permanent vs. non-permanent job n The higher the level of education the more people are employed on a permanent contract and the fewer are employed without a contract n The main reason for non-permanent employment is inability of finding a permanent job n More Ukrainians report their consent with having non- permanent job

Job mobility in Serbia and Ukraine n Ukrainians are less mobile, Serbs face higher risks of permanent unemployment n Women are less mobile than men in Serbia, fewer gender difference in the Ukraine n Serbia: more mobility among highly and least educated persons, Ukraine: less mobility among highly educated n Women are more likely to experience lateral and less upward mobility

Typical patterns of labour market entry: illustration 1 Registered employed 2 Unregistered 3 Self-employed and family helpers 4 Unemployed 5 Education or training 6 Out of labour 7 Unemployed, discouraged UKRAINESERBIA

Typical patterns of labour market entry: summary Note: Career sequences of minimum 51 months duration ; 9-cluster solution for both countries

Cluster membership in Serbia and Ukraine by gender and locality characteristics (rural-urban) n Men dominate in continuous registered employment n Women dominate in inactivity (23.4% of women in the Ukraine) n More men return to education in the Ukraine, no gender difference in Serbia n Women dominate in the cluster with exit from registered employment n Large cluster of registered employment in urban areas n Large cluster of unemployment and inactivity in rural areas n Larger self-employment in rural areas is Serbia, but in urban areas in the Ukraine n Stronger return to education in urban areas of the Ukraine, no differences in Serbia