INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY (226) Instructor: Prof. ANAMARIJA FRANKIĆ Office Number: S Office Hours: Posted on office door or by appointment Telephone: Address: Web Page: Department Website:

Oceanography is an observationally driven field! What do we measure and why? Geology: coastlines, bathymetry, movement of tectonic plates Chemistry: salinity, Carbon, Nitrogen, Iron, Oxygen… Physics: Temp, pressure, currents, tides, waves, light Biology: Chl-a, Productivity, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Fish and Egg counts, etc… INTRO CLASS – Chapter 1

Your Syllabus I. The Ocean World – Life in the Oceans: A. Ocean ecosystem Life in coastal environments (estuaries, salt marshes, coral reefs) B. Life in hydrothermal vents (also about the plate tectonics, earthquakes, tsunamis) C. Life in open ocean environments (At what depth does marine life become scarcer?) D. Life in the deep sea (physical and chemical adaptations) E. What in general affects the abundance and diversity of marine life?

II. The Oceans, the Atmosphere, the Sun, and the Moon A. Weather, ocean currents, and global climate (your questions: Why is the temperature warmer near the ocean in the winter but colder in the summer than it is inland? How does ocean current affect the weather?) B. Why is the sea salty? If the oceans evaporated, how much salt (height, weight) would cover the ocean floor? Where does the salt come from? C. What creates tides and waves? Why/how does high and low tide occur? D. Sea-level changes E. Light, sound and oceans (What was the infamous “Bloop” sound picked up off S. America?) III. Environmental Evolution – life and ocean evolving together (geologic and ecologic history) Where the ocean has been and where it might be going? (Lovelock Gaia video) Why is the soil different on the beach from the soil in my backyard? Continental Margins and Ocean Basins How land masses were actually formed from the ocean? Will the world someday be like waterworld?

IV. Humans and Oceans: Changing the natural cycles and types of pollution A. Global Climate Change B. Fisheries (Fisheries games At the current rate, how long do you think that the oceans fish stock will last?) C. Oceans and Human Health (healthy oceans – healthy humans) D. Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (laws and policies, monitoring and indicators of ecosystem health) - What area has the greatest coastal degradation? Does that damage extend outward to the open ocean? Renewable energy sources from the oceans? E. Marine and Coastal Conservation

(Some) OCEANS’ related FACTS:  Our planet is actually the Ocean Planet - 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans and seas. However, less than 10% has been investigated.  Oceans provide more than 70% of oxygen we breathe  80% of world’s plant and animal species live in oceans  More than 60% of the current human population (5.8 billion) lives in the coastal zones (~60 km wide), the areas representing only 8% of the Earth surface!  ‘Poorest of the poor’ billion people ‘survive’ on less than 1$/day  1 billion people rely on fish as the only daily source of protein  Global climate change and the humans’ well being depend on the conditions and health of the oceans;  Poverty, hunger, diseases as well as casualties from natural disasters can be alleviated by improving the health of the environment and by sustainable use and management of the coasts and oceans!

How was the ocean observed so far? Chapter #reader-pagehttp:// #reader-page jared diamond: guns, germs and steel: the fates of human societies; Lots of historical account of early explorations – (see book). HMS Challenger

International Observational Programs Deep Sea Drilling Project - DSDP 1985, Joides Resolution Replace G. Challenger 1968, Glomar Challenger Theory of Plate Tectonics and much more…

International Observational Programs The Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) (launched in 1987 at a planning meeting in Paris) The Operational Goal of JGOFS : Spatial Scale: regional to global Temporal Scale: seasonal to interannual 1) Fluxes of carbon between the atmosphere-surface ocean-ocean interior. 2) Sensitivity to climate changes

International Observational Programs The World Ocean Circulation Experiment International Programme on Climate Variability and Predictability, 1995-present World Climate Research Programme

US Programs: e.g. GLOBEC

U.S. Coastal Observing Systems

Remote Sensing/Satellite Imagery: Geostationary Server - Satellite significant events: National Geophysical Data Center: Technologies for ocean observing Floating devices in the ocean: Argo FLoats - Drifter Programs: Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) : Amazing discoveries… /rov.html /rov.html Automated Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) :

How do we define the science of Oceanography?

WHAT PEOPLE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT OCEAN SCIENCES Ways of knowing – “Reflection on how we know what we believe will help our understanding” Human interactions – “Currently, the human species is significantly affecting earth systems, but has the ability to choose its relationship with the environment” Ecosystems – “The survival and health of individuals and groups of organisms are intimately coupled to their environment” Earth system science – “The Earth as a whole acts as a complex set of interacting systems with emergent properties” Evolution & Biodiversity – “Evolution explains both the unity and diversity of life” Energy flow and transformation – “Energy transformation drive physical, chemical, and biological processes. Total energy is conserved and flows to more diffuse forms” Conservation of mass – “Mass is conserved as it is transferred from one pool to another” Spatio-temporal relationships – “Choosing the appropriate reference frame is the key to understanding one’s environment”