THE EUROPEAN POPULATION SPREAD IN THE WORLD History of European migrations

From the Antiquity to 1850, the European population went from 40 million people up to 400 million people. This increase went along with a huge spread of the ECUMENE (Oecoumène) that’s to say the inhabited Earth. The European population has played a huge part in this spread. How did the European population spread in the world? 1-First, let’s study the extension of the ecumene from the Antiquity to the 19 th century 2-Then, let’s finish by focusing on European migrations in the 19 th century

I/ The extension of the ecumene from the Antiquity to the 19 th century A/ A stagnation until the 18 th century 3 reasons -the world was technically behind to feed a large population -there were not many large cities -Excess death rate B/ In the 18 th century, the start of the demographic transition in Europe Definition: evolution of a population in two steps, from a high birth rate, high death rate and low natural increase to a low birth rate a low death rate a low natural increase.

Death rate Dates Birth rate Per thousands Natural rate Percent Population growth

KEY WORDS BIRTH RATE: Number of live births for 1000 inhabitants DEATH RATE: DEATH RATE: Number of deaths for 1000 inhabitants NATURAL INCREASE:in percent NATURAL INCREASE: Birth rate –Death rate/ 10: in percent LIFE EXPECTANCY: number of years someone can expect to live at birth: it changes every year FERTILITY INDEX: FERTILITY INDEX: Number of kids per woman aged between It must be above 2.1 to renew generation INFANT MORTALITY: in percent or per thousand, deaths of kids under one year old.

Let’s build a table to comment on each step/ phase/stage Step AStep BStep CStep D Birth rate in per thousand Death rate in per thousand Natural growth in percent Reasons

Step AStep BStep CStep D Birth rate in per thousand Death rate in per thousand Natural growth in percent Reasons

Step AStep BStep CStep D Birth rate in per thousand Death rate in per thousand Natural growth in percent Reasons

Step AStep BStep CStep D Birth rate in per thousand Death rate in per thousand Natural growth in percent Under 13-4Around 1Under 1 Reasons

Step AStep BStep CStep D Birth rate in per thousand Death rate in per thousand Natural growth in percent Under 13-4Around 1Under 1 Reasons -Inefficient medicines -Lack of hygiene -Lack of food -Kids are a labour force -No contraception

Step AStep BStep CStep D Birth rate in per thousand Death rate in per thousand Natural growth in percent Under 13-4Around 1Under 1 Reasons -Inefficient medicines -Lack of hygiene -Lack of food -Kids are a labour force -No contraception -Better medicines -More food: agricultural revolution -kids are still a labour force -People’s mentality did not change yet

Step AStep BStep CStep D Birth rate in per thousand Death rate in per thousand Natural growth in percent Under 13-4Around 1Under 1 Reasons -Inefficient medicines -Lack of hygiene -Lack of food -Kids are a labour force -No contraception -Better medicines -More food: agricultural revolution -kids are still a labour force -People’s mentality did not change yet -Medical progress continues -People’s living standard improve: the industrial revolution -People’s mentality changed -Contraception ( beginning) -Good health care system -Better living standards: the consumer society -Contraception -Women at work -Longer studies

II/ Consequence: migrations of the growing European population A/ Different types of migrations: Definition : a move, flow of population from an outgoing area to an incoming area There are different forms of migrations: -In a local scale: drift from the land linked with industrialisation -International migrations: refugees - The chief reason: A search for better living conditions POPULATION CENTERS WERE:Europe, The USA, Brazil, south Africa, Australia European migrations in the 19th century

B/ Governments played a huge part in those migrations -a need for new settlements -a need for labour force especially when slavery was abolished -a means to get rid of criminals French poster about the French in Algeria in 1830

Conclusion The European population spread in two steps: first it stagnated until the 18 th century then it grew very fast with the start of the demographic transition. This growth caused migratory flows all over the world and made the European population one of the most dynamic populations at the time. However, this dynamism did not last in the 20 th century because of the wars and decolonisation.