The Jazz Age Section 1: Boom Times Section 2: Life in the Twenties Section 3: A Creative Era

Section 1: Boom Times Section 1: Boom Times Prosperity and Productivity Prosperity and Productivity GNP = $70 billion in 1922 and $100 million in 1929 GNP = $70 billion in 1922 and $100 million in 1929 Investments grew Investments grew Business expansion led to wage increases Business expansion led to wage increases Electricity becomes common in American homes, by /3 of homes have electricity Electricity becomes common in American homes, by /3 of homes have electricity Mixers, food grinders, sewing machines, washing machines, radio and phonographs Mixers, food grinders, sewing machines, washing machines, radio and phonographs Scientific management – Frederick W. Taylor- based on the idea that every kind of work could be broken down into a series of smaller tasks Scientific management – Frederick W. Taylor- based on the idea that every kind of work could be broken down into a series of smaller tasks “Time-and-Motion” studies identified these tasks “Time-and-Motion” studies identified these tasks “Efficiency” experts “Efficiency” experts The Growth of the Automobile Industry The Growth of the Automobile Industry Henry Ford Henry Ford Model T “Tin Lizzy” Model T “Tin Lizzy” Assembly line at Detroit factory – cut production time in half, reduced prices, $850 in 1909 to $290 in 1924 Assembly line at Detroit factory – cut production time in half, reduced prices, $850 in 1909 to $290 in 1924

Brought them to the average American Brought them to the average American Average 1 car for every 5 citizens Average 1 car for every 5 citizens Became largest business Became largest business Consuming: glass, rubber, steel, etc Consuming: glass, rubber, steel, etc By 1929 over 1 million people worked in auto industry or a related industry By 1929 over 1 million people worked in auto industry or a related industry Changes in work Changes in work Ford and his workers Ford and his workers Shortened workday (8 hours) Shortened workday (8 hours) Raised wages ($5 per day due to tedium) Raised wages ($5 per day due to tedium) Regulated morality and personal behavior of workers Regulated morality and personal behavior of workers Opposed tobacco use, alcohol use, American values stressed, Recommended workers move from ethnic neighborhoods, learn to read and write English Opposed tobacco use, alcohol use, American values stressed, Recommended workers move from ethnic neighborhoods, learn to read and write English Impact of new products Impact of new products Electric appliances Electric appliances Less domestic help Less domestic help

A Land of Automobiles A Land of Automobiles Trains & Trolley Cars lose riders Trains & Trolley Cars lose riders Almost completely replaced horse-drawn vehicles Almost completely replaced horse-drawn vehicles 400,000 miles of new roads built in 1920s 400,000 miles of new roads built in 1920s Billboards, drive-in restaurants, filling stations, tourist cabins start to appear Billboards, drive-in restaurants, filling stations, tourist cabins start to appear Suburbs Suburbs Auto-tourism- allowed Americans to travel without restrictions of schedules or routes of trains. Auto-tourism- allowed Americans to travel without restrictions of schedules or routes of trains. Family life Family life New social opportunities for teens New social opportunities for teens Critics claimed it caused a loss of community Critics claimed it caused a loss of community Also brought pollution, traffic jams, parking problems, accident rates soared Also brought pollution, traffic jams, parking problems, accident rates soared Creating Consumers Creating Consumers Alfred P. Sloan- head of General Motors Alfred P. Sloan- head of General Motors Marketing Marketing Installment plans – “buy it on time” –kitchen appliances, pianos, sewing machines, cars Installment plans – “buy it on time” –kitchen appliances, pianos, sewing machines, cars

Streamlined look – used for planes, ships, cars, etc… started doing it for other things like radios, clocks, and appliances Streamlined look – used for planes, ships, cars, etc… started doing it for other things like radios, clocks, and appliances Up-to-date models continued to arrive Up-to-date models continued to arrive GM introduced yearly model change and the trade-in, getting people to get a new car each year GM introduced yearly model change and the trade-in, getting people to get a new car each year Department of Labor reported women were going into debt trying to keep up with fashion! Department of Labor reported women were going into debt trying to keep up with fashion! Advertising Advertising Big business in 1920s Big business in 1920s 1929 $3 million spent on advertising alone – in magazines, newspapers, billboards, radio spots 1929 $3 million spent on advertising alone – in magazines, newspapers, billboards, radio spots Targeted women, used slogans, jingles and celebrities Targeted women, used slogans, jingles and celebrities A growing retail industry A growing retail industry Chain stores- A&P grocery chain Chain stores- A&P grocery chain Quick freezing techniques Quick freezing techniques cellophane cellophane

Section 2: Life in the Twenties Section 2: Life in the Twenties Prohibition Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment Eighteenth Amendment Ban on manufacture, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages Ban on manufacture, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages Volstead Act created to enforce amendment Volstead Act created to enforce amendment Some places strictly enforced, some not so much Some places strictly enforced, some not so much Al Capone and the Chicago mob Al Capone and the Chicago mob violence against other mobs/gangs violence against other mobs/gangs St. Valentine’s Day 1929 – his mob killed 7 of a rival gang St. Valentine’s Day 1929 – his mob killed 7 of a rival gang Speakeasies, clubs, bars, bootleg, smuggling Speakeasies, clubs, bars, bootleg, smuggling Enter Eliot Ness and the Federal Prohibition Bureau Enter Eliot Ness and the Federal Prohibition Bureau Strict enforcement of prohibition laws Strict enforcement of prohibition laws “Untouchables” and Ness arrested Capone on tax evasion charges, during prison time lost control of his gang “Untouchables” and Ness arrested Capone on tax evasion charges, during prison time lost control of his gang

Positives of Prohibition Positives of Prohibition Alcoholism, alcohol related deaths declined Alcoholism, alcohol related deaths declined Negatives of Prohibition – more press Negatives of Prohibition – more press Widespread breakdown of law and order Widespread breakdown of law and order Turned millions of law abiding citizens into lawbreakers Turned millions of law abiding citizens into lawbreakers Repealed by the 21 st Amendment in 1933 Repealed by the 21 st Amendment in 1933 Youth Culture Youth Culture The “new woman” The “new woman” Flappers: Stylish, adventurous, independent, career-minded Flappers: Stylish, adventurous, independent, career-minded Changed their dress = Goodbye corsets… hello shorter skirts and silk hose! Changed their dress = Goodbye corsets… hello shorter skirts and silk hose! Cut hair into bobbed styles Cut hair into bobbed styles Drove cars, sought economic independence Drove cars, sought economic independence Participated in sports Participated in sports

College life College life college enrollment tripled college enrollment tripled Middle and upper classes Middle and upper classes “collegiate look” = baggy flannel slacks & sports jacket “collegiate look” = baggy flannel slacks & sports jacket Leisure fun and fads Leisure fun and fads Dance marathons Dance marathons Dance Derby of the Century = 482 hours! (nearly 3 weeks) in 1928 Dance Derby of the Century = 482 hours! (nearly 3 weeks) in 1928 Beauty Contests Beauty Contests Miss America Miss America Flag pole sitting Flag pole sitting Alvin “Shipwreck” Kelly, most famous Alvin “Shipwreck” Kelly, most famous Mass entertainment Mass entertainment Radio Radio Broadcasted church services, local news reports, music, sports events Broadcasted church services, local news reports, music, sports events Dempsey- Carpenter heavyweight title fight Dempsey- Carpenter heavyweight title fight World Series World Series Advertising spots for sale “sponsors” Advertising spots for sale “sponsors”

Movies Movies Cecil B. DeMille Cecil B. DeMille Biblical epic plots, complex characters Biblical epic plots, complex characters Why Change Your Wife (1920) Why Change Your Wife (1920) Forbidden Fruit (1921) Forbidden Fruit (1921) The Ten Commandments (1923) The Ten Commandments (1923) Actors – silent films Actors – silent films Lon Chaney (horror/scary) Lon Chaney (horror/scary) Charlie Chaplin (comedy) Charlie Chaplin (comedy) Tom Mix (westerns) Tom Mix (westerns) 1927 “Talkies” 1927 “Talkies” The Jazz Singer (1 st one) starred Al Jolson The Jazz Singer (1 st one) starred Al Jolson The Sheik – Rudolph Valentino (married in Crown Point)- created controversy. People demanded regulations on films. The Sheik – Rudolph Valentino (married in Crown Point)- created controversy. People demanded regulations on films. Sports Sports Professional sports Professional sports College/professional football College/professional football Red Grange played his first professional game for the Chicago Bears Thanksgiving 1925 Red Grange played his first professional game for the Chicago Bears Thanksgiving 1925

Baseball Baseball “Black Sox” Scandal “Black Sox” Scandal “Shoeless” Joe Jackson and seven other Chicago White Sox players accused of taking a bribe to throw the World Series game in 1919 “Shoeless” Joe Jackson and seven other Chicago White Sox players accused of taking a bribe to throw the World Series game in 1919 Legends: Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Lou Gehrig Legends: Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Lou Gehrig Books and magazines Books and magazines Book-of-the-month club founded 1923 Book-of-the-month club founded 1923 Collier’s and The Saturday Evening Post Collier’s and The Saturday Evening Post Cartoons, short stories, advertising pages Cartoons, short stories, advertising pages Dewitt and Lila Wallace found Reader’s Digest in 1921 Dewitt and Lila Wallace found Reader’s Digest in 1921 Celebrities and Heroes Celebrities and Heroes Young people copied the celebrities behaviors Young people copied the celebrities behaviors A Woman of Affairs, starring Greta Garbo, she wore a slouch hat… became the “in” thing A Woman of Affairs, starring Greta Garbo, she wore a slouch hat… became the “in” thing “Sultan of Swat” = Babe Ruth “Sultan of Swat” = Babe Ruth Jim Thorpe, won both the pentathlon and decathlon in the 1912 Olympics, went on to play baseball and football Jim Thorpe, won both the pentathlon and decathlon in the 1912 Olympics, went on to play baseball and football Amelia Earhart- first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean Amelia Earhart- first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean

Religion in the 1920s Religion in the 1920s Revivalism Revivalism Evils of popular entertainment and alcohol Evils of popular entertainment and alcohol Aimee Semple McPherson Aimee Semple McPherson Movie star image: white dress, white shoes, blue cape Movie star image: white dress, white shoes, blue cape International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, headquartered in Los Angeles International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, headquartered in Los Angeles Dramatic religious services- combined orchestra, chorus, stage sets Dramatic religious services- combined orchestra, chorus, stage sets Closely tied with Pentecostalism Closely tied with Pentecostalism Fundamentalism Fundamentalism Protestant movement Protestant movement Traditional Christian doctrine to be followed without question Traditional Christian doctrine to be followed without question Bible was a literal translation Bible was a literal translation Christian “liberals” were attacked, the ones who believed in science, evolution Christian “liberals” were attacked, the ones who believed in science, evolution Evangelical spread fundamentalism “old-time” religion Evangelical spread fundamentalism “old-time” religion

The Scopes Trial- July 1925 The Scopes Trial- July 1925 Tennessee legislature outlawed “Darwinism” in public schools Tennessee legislature outlawed “Darwinism” in public schools American Civil Liberties Union offered to defend a school teacher, John Scopes, a science teacher American Civil Liberties Union offered to defend a school teacher, John Scopes, a science teacher Defense attorney, Clarence Darrow Defense attorney, Clarence Darrow Prosecution witness… William Jennings Bryan… 3 time democratic presidential hopeful Prosecution witness… William Jennings Bryan… 3 time democratic presidential hopeful Trial exposed the deep divide in American society between traditional religious values and new ones based on scientific thought and theory Trial exposed the deep divide in American society between traditional religious values and new ones based on scientific thought and theory Darrow attacked the law as impeding free expression Darrow attacked the law as impeding free expression Bryan admitted his belief that bible was literal, forced Bryan to admit inconsistencies in his interpretation of the scriptures Bryan admitted his belief that bible was literal, forced Bryan to admit inconsistencies in his interpretation of the scriptures Darrow failed to convince the jury. Snopes was found guilty and fined $100 Darrow failed to convince the jury. Snopes was found guilty and fined $100 Showed to some a narrow mindedness in some fundamentalists like Bryan and lowered some American’s views of fundamentalism Showed to some a narrow mindedness in some fundamentalists like Bryan and lowered some American’s views of fundamentalism

Section 3: The Creative Era Section 3: The Creative Era Music Music The Emergence of Jazz The Emergence of Jazz Charles “Buddy” Bolden Charles “Buddy” Bolden Blues mix of slave music and spirituals Blues mix of slave music and spirituals Mamie Smith Mamie Smith Gertrude “Ma” Rainey Gertrude “Ma” Rainey Bessie Smith Bessie Smith Louis Armstrong Louis Armstrong Jazz Moves North Jazz Moves North Chicago and New York Chicago and New York Ferdinand “Jelly Roll” Morton – Chicago formed a band called the Red Hot Peppers, “Jelly Roll Blues” Ferdinand “Jelly Roll” Morton – Chicago formed a band called the Red Hot Peppers, “Jelly Roll Blues” Joseph “King” Oliver, Creole Jazz Band, Louis Armstrong joined his band in 1922, “Mabel’s Dream” and “Froggie Moore” Joseph “King” Oliver, Creole Jazz Band, Louis Armstrong joined his band in 1922, “Mabel’s Dream” and “Froggie Moore” 1924 Louis Armstrong goes solo “When the Saint Go Marching In”, “Savoy Blues”, and “Hotter than That” 1924 Louis Armstrong goes solo “When the Saint Go Marching In”, “Savoy Blues”, and “Hotter than That”

The popularization of jazz The popularization of jazz Bix Beiderbecke, cornetist and pianist, put jazz rhythms in his music Bix Beiderbecke, cornetist and pianist, put jazz rhythms in his music George Gershwin Rhapsody in Blue George Gershwin Rhapsody in Blue Igor Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky Aaron Copeland Aaron Copeland Big Band music, dance music Big Band music, dance music Harlem’s Cotton Club Harlem’s Cotton Club Duke Ellington Duke Ellington Ethel Waters Ethel Waters Cab Calloway Cab Calloway Many clubs were “white” only with black entertainers, even when the clubs were in black neighborhoods Many clubs were “white” only with black entertainers, even when the clubs were in black neighborhoods Langston Hughes “Why should I want to be white? I am a negro – and beautiful” Langston Hughes “Why should I want to be white? I am a negro – and beautiful” Josephine Baker and others traveled and spread jazz to other places, such as Paris which had its own Jazz Age Josephine Baker and others traveled and spread jazz to other places, such as Paris which had its own Jazz Age

The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance Theater Theater Paul Robeson, Emperor Jones Paul Robeson, Emperor Jones Son of a former slave Son of a former slave Graduate from Rutgers and Columbia Law Graduate from Rutgers and Columbia Law Singer “Ol’ Man River”, from Showboat Singer “Ol’ Man River”, from Showboat First African American actor to play a leading role opposite a white actress First African American actor to play a leading role opposite a white actress Rose McClendon, Deep River Rose McClendon, Deep River In Abraham’s Bosom In Abraham’s Bosom Porgy, she appeared in the first production Porgy, she appeared in the first production Literature Literature Nella Larsen, Quicksand (1928) Nella Larsen, Quicksand (1928) Claude McKay, Home to Harlem Claude McKay, Home to Harlem James Weldon Johnson, educator, lawyer, diplomat to Venezuela and Nicaragua, office of the NAACP James Weldon Johnson, educator, lawyer, diplomat to Venezuela and Nicaragua, office of the NAACP Poetry: “Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing” became a song Poetry: “Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing” became a song

Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912) Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912) The Book of American Negro Poetry The Book of American Negro Poetry Executive secretary of NAACP, raised money to support African American artists and art programs in Harlem Executive secretary of NAACP, raised money to support African American artists and art programs in Harlem The Lost Generation The Lost Generation Scorned middle-class consumerism and superficiality of post war years Scorned middle-class consumerism and superficiality of post war years “lost generation” was coined by Gertrude Stein in reference to Ernest Hemingway and others “lost generation” was coined by Gertrude Stein in reference to Ernest Hemingway and others Stories of disillusionment Stories of disillusionment Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway A Farewell to Arms – devastation of war A Farewell to Arms – devastation of war F. Scott Fitzgerald F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby –emptiness of the pursuit of social status and money The Great Gatsby –emptiness of the pursuit of social status and money Married Zelda Sayre, her mental illness and his alcoholism cut short their glamorous lifestyle when his creativity dried up due to the pressures Married Zelda Sayre, her mental illness and his alcoholism cut short their glamorous lifestyle when his creativity dried up due to the pressures

Criticizing the middle class Criticizing the middle class Sinclair Lewis Sinclair Lewis Main Street (1920) satire of close-mindedness of a typical small Midwestern town Main Street (1920) satire of close-mindedness of a typical small Midwestern town Babbitt (1922), story of middle aged realtor and city booster who hates his life but is too cowardly to change Babbitt (1922), story of middle aged realtor and city booster who hates his life but is too cowardly to change H.I. Mencken, wrote in The American Mercury, he promoted writers who satirized middle America or “booboisie”, made fun of Republican politicians, Fundamentalist Christians, rural southerners, people who lived in small towns, and others H.I. Mencken, wrote in The American Mercury, he promoted writers who satirized middle America or “booboisie”, made fun of Republican politicians, Fundamentalist Christians, rural southerners, people who lived in small towns, and others The Visual Arts The Visual Arts Painting and Photography Painting and Photography Georgia O’Keefe – NY factories and tenements Georgia O’Keefe – NY factories and tenements Alfred Stieglitz – photos of people, airplanes, skyscrapers, crowded city streets Alfred Stieglitz – photos of people, airplanes, skyscrapers, crowded city streets

Murals Murals Mexican influence Mexican influence Jose Clemente Orozco Jose Clemente Orozco Diego Rivera Diego Rivera Detroit Institute of Art Detroit Institute of Art Wife, Frida Kahlo Wife, Frida Kahlo Rockefeller Center mural was destroyed by the sponsors because it featured Lenin Rockefeller Center mural was destroyed by the sponsors because it featured Lenin David Alfaro Siqueiros David Alfaro Siqueiros Architecture Architecture Louis Sullivan Louis Sullivan Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright Empire State Building (1250 feet) in 1931 – tallest building in the world until Empire State Building (1250 feet) in 1931 – tallest building in the world until Chrysler Building (1048 feet) in 1930 Chrysler Building (1048 feet) in End notes-