1. Chapter 14

2. Prosperity and Productivity  After recovering from demobilization, the economy soared.  Business expansion led to wage increases.  Purchasing power increased 32 percent.  Workers became interested in many new products, including electric appliances.

3.  As productivity soared, owners needed to keep up with demand.  Scientific Management: The idea that every kind of work could be broken down into a series of smaller tasks.

4. Automobiles  Henry Ford lowered the cost of cars by using scientific management.  He began in 1903 and produced the model T in 1908.  Ford would create the assembly line to help create factory goods faster.

5.  The assembly line allowed all car makers to drop their prices.  This allowed ordinary Americans to buy one.  1909 - $850 and by 1924 - $290  1920’s: Automobiles were the largest U.S. business and consumed huge amounts of glass, rubber and steel.

9. Impact of New Products  Electric appliances made housework easier.  Fewer servants were hired.  Cars allowed people to run errands.  Limited the need for delivery services.

12. Transportation  By 1930, cars, trucks and buses had almost completely replaced horse-drawn vehicles.  Trains and trolley cars also lost riders.  More than 400,000 miles of new roads were built during the 1920’s.

13. Transportation  Billboards, drive in restaurants, filling stations and tourist cabins appeared on the nations highways.  The automobile enabled rural residents to have greater contact with their neighbors.  Also more access to shopping and leisure activities.

14. Family Life  Before automobiles, teenagers spent most of their time at home with families.  Critics said the automobile reduced the people’s sense of community.  Pollution, traffic jams and parking problems became issues as did the rising accident rate.

15. Creating Consumers  G.M. began making cars that were more expensive and luxurious.  To pay: Installment plan – Allowed for consumers to pay over time.  By 1926, 75% of consumers purchased cars through credit.

16. Creating Consumers  This practice soon spread to other items such as kitchen appliances, pianos, and sewing machines.  Planned obsolescence: Made products to go out of style and then replaced them with new products.

17. Creating Consumers  Debt began to rise because people were trying to keep up.  Example: Woman and designer clothes.

18. Advertising  Big business in the late 1920’s.  $3 billion a year was spent by the late 20’s.  Magazines, billboards and over the radio.  Most targeted women.  Used slogans, jingles and celebrity testimonials.

19. Growing Retail Industry  Chain-style grocery stores began to replace traditional corner markets.  Quick freezing techniques and cellophane allowed foods to last longer.  Foods could be shipped over longer distances and stored longer.

20. Section 2: Life in the Twenties  Prohibition: stopped the sale of alcoholic beverages.  Progressives wanted to change crime, family violence and poverty.  Eighteenth Amendment: prohibited the sale, manufacture or transportation of alcohol.

27. Prohibition  In the country, it was enforced.  In the cities, it was ignored.  Americans went to speakeasies, clubs or bars where alcohol was sold.  Citizens also made their own liquor or bought it in Canada.

32. Al Capone  Bootlegging became a big business.  Al Capone: Ruled Chicago’s underworld with mobsters.  Capone would fight a war with other gangs in Chicago to gain control.

35. Al Capone  St. Valentines Day Massacre:  1929  Capone’s gang would kill several members of a rival gang.  Elliot Ness was hired by the Prohibition Bureau to put an end to the mobsters.  Nicknamed the “Untouchables”

37. Al Capone  Ness ended Capone’s reign in 1931.  Capone was arrested for tax evasion.

40. End to Prohibition  Positives: A. Alcoholism declined B. Alcohol related deaths declined.  Negatives A. Widespread breakdown of law and order.  Twenty-First Amendment:  1933  Repealed the 18 th Amendment.

41. Youth Culture  Change in women.  Dress  Stylish  Adventurous  Independent  Career-minded

42. Women  Stopped wearing heavy corsets and started wearing shorter skirts and transparent silk hose.  Wore bobbed or short hair.  Participated in sports  Drove cars.  Flappers: Women who adopted these new styles.

44. Women  Work: Wanted economic independence. A. Drove Taxi’s. B. Ran telegraph lines. C. Flew airplanes. D. Hauled freight.  Traditional: Nursing, Teaching, Domestic service.

45. College Life  Between 1900 – 1930, enrollment tripled.  Most students came from middle and upper class families.  Affected popular culture: Many advertisements focused on collegiate lifestyles.

46. Leisure Fun and Fads  New Leisure activities and fads spread in the 1920’s.  Dance Marathons  Beauty Contests  Flagpole Sittings

47. Mass Entertainment  Turned to radio, movies and professional sports.  Radio: First stations in Detroit and Pittsburgh (KDKA).  By 1929, more than 800 stations reached 10 million homes.  Broadcast church services, local news, music and sporting events.

48. Movies  Epic plots and complex characters were used.  First movie with sound was in 1927.  1929, 80 million Americans went to theatres each week.

49. Sports  Professional and college level football attracted a great audience.  Baseball would remain the nations most popular sport.  Even through the “Black Sox Scandal” – Chicago White Sox players accepted money to lose the 1919 World Series.  Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb and Lou Gehrig had great seasons in 20’s and attracted millions of new fans.

52. Ruth

53. Cobb

54. Celebrities and Heroes  People became instantly famous through movies and radio.  People usually copied personal habits.  Athletes also gained stardom.

55. Religion  Many Americans were worried about declining moral standards.  Revivalism Movement – preached and wrote about the evils of popular entertainment.

56. Section 3: A Creative Era  Jazz emerged during the early 1900’s.  In the entertainment district of New Orleans known as Storyville.  Louis Armstrong adapted his music to the blues in his jazz.

57. Jazz Moves North  Late 1910’s, thousands of A.A. moved north.  Many moved to Chicago and New York.

58. Popularization of Jazz  As jazz became more popular, other artists started to incorporate it.  White musicians began to weave jazz into their songs.  Jazz also influenced classical composers.

59. Popularization of Jazz  New audience = young men and their flappers.  Jazz clubs such as Harlem’s Cotton Club catered to this new audience.  Brought in the most famous jazz musicians: Duke Ellington, Ethel Waters, and Cab Calloway.

60. Popularization of Jazz  Jazz expressed the sadness, pain and joy of black America.  After WW1, many A.A. traveled to France for greater racial tolerance.  Jazz would become popular in Paris, where they experienced their own Jazz Age.

61. Harlem Renaissance  In the 1920’s, A.A. expressed a growing pride in their heritage.  In Harlem, New York, this pride was the brightest.  This neighborhood became the cultural center of A.A. life.

62. Harlem Renaissance  So many creative writers, musicians and artists in Harlem led to the period known as the Harlem Renaissance.

63. Theater  The work of black performers and playwrights brought new respect to A.A. theater.  Produced several successful Broadway plays and musicals.  Paul Robeson: One of the most successful actors of the 1920’s.

64. Theater  Rose McClendon was another A.A. female actor of the 1920’s.

65. Literature  A.A. novelists and poets produced work of bitterness, defiance, joy and hope.  Nella Larson: Described the quest for racial identity in Quicksand.  Langston Hughes: Focused on the everyday experiences of African Americans.

66. The Lost Generation  The Harlem Renaissance coincided with the rise of writers who focused on the horrors of WW1.  Ernest Hemingway was one of these writers.  Scott Fitzgerald was another.

67. Painting and Photography  Painters of the 1920’s depicted urban, industrial settings.  Alfred Stieglitz helped popularize photography by taking pictures of people, airplanes, skyscrapers, and crowded city streets.

68. Architecture  Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright inspired many.  Sullivan designed buildings in which each part of the structure had a functioning purpose.  Wright developed the prairie style which used rectangular shapes and horizontal lines.