Events leading to creation of Pakistan (1857-1947)

1857 War of Independence Anti-British uprising Final collapse of Mughal Empire Causes of revolt Exploitation of Britain Laws and regulations against traditions of people Arabic and Persian language were abolished from schools and offices Laws allow remarriage of hindu widow English officers’ racial superiority over indian

Why revolt failed People were temporarily united No organization and central leadership Fought war without planning

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan Born in Delhi on 17th October 1817 Took service with East India Company He wanted Muslims to accept the dominancy of Britain and Get education and update themselves Muslims must be active in political activities http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/156740-pakistan-movement-1857-1947-a.html

1877 Pan-Islamization War between Russia and Ottoman Empire Syed Jamludin Afghani founder of movement Muslim should free themselves from foreign domination and establish commonwealth of Muslims.

1885 Formation of Indian National Congress Liberal Indian organization founded by A.W. Hume Consolidate union between British government and Indian people More Indian representation in provincial and central legislations

1905 Partition of Bengal By Lord Curzon Primary purpose was administratvie Divided into two parts of east and west Bengal Muslim majority in east Bengal and Hindus in West British government gave some provision to Muslims Hindus stood against it

1st Oct: 1906 Simla Deputation Led by Agha Khan to Viceroy (Lord Minto ) of India Muslims should have representation in electoral system

1906 Foundation of All-India Muslim League Founded in Dhaka 30 December 1906 , chairmanship of Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk Nawab Salim Ullah Khan presented a proposal for establish a political party To safeguard Muslims’ interests Major aim: to promote loyalty to British Government Party played big role in independence of Pakistan

Continue… The headquarters of the All India Muslim League was established in Lucknow, and Sir Aga Khan was elected as its first president. Elected six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint secretaries for a term of three years. The initial membership was 400, with members hailing proportionately from all provinces. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar wrote the constitution of the League, known as the "Green Book". Branches were also setup in other provinces. Syed Ameer Ali established a branch of the League in London in 1908, supporting the same objectives.

Minto-Morley Reforms Called to be the Act of 1909 Right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims

1911 Bengal partition annulled Bengal Partition was annulled Muslims’ distance from government increased The partition of Bengal was rescinded in 1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar at which King George V was crowned Emperor of India Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916 Charles Hardinge

1916-17 Laknow Pact World war – I (British against Germany) Lord Chelmsford's invitation for suggestions from the Indian politicians for the post World War I reforms further helped in the development of the situation Congress agreed Muslims' demand for separate electorates Extra seats for Muslims in Muslim minority provinces

Continue… Bombay in December 1915 October 1916 November 1916 The agreement was confirmed by the annual sessions of the Congress and the League in their annual session held at Lucknow on December 29 and December 31, 1916 respectively. Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah, the chief architect of the Lucknow Pact, the title of "the Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity".

1919 Jallianwalla Bah Massacre 13th April British ordered to ban public assemblies Sikhs gathered for their annual celebration in Amritsar General Dyer ordered to fire on crowd

1919 Khilafat Movement To maintain the Turkish Caliphate. 2. To protect the holy places of the Muslims. 3. To maintain the unity of the Ottoman Empire. Led by Ali broters (Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Gandhi supported and suggested for non-corporations

1924 Khilaft Movement Lose momentum Turkish government abolished

1928 Nehru report Moti lal Nehru Anti muslim document A declaration of Human rights should be inserted NWFP be given full provincial status Sindh be separated from Bombay Muslim representation in central assembly be reduced

1929 fourteen point Against Nehru report Quaid-e-Azam gave 14 points

Round table conferences Simon commision December 1930 to February 1931 first round table conference September 1931 to January 1932 second round table 1932 third round table conference

1940 Pakistan Resolution March 1940 at Muslim league session at Lahore President ship of Quaid-e-Azam Muslim Majority areas be grouped to constitute independent state

World War - II 1939 to 45 Between two alliance force Britain, Russia, France and America on one side and Japan, Germany and Italy

1942 Cripps Mission To get support form Indian Sir Stafford Crisp arrived in New Delhi Met with Indian leaders

1944 Gandhi Jinnah Talk In bombay Resolve difference between Congress and Muslim League Gandhi opposed two nations theory

1945 Simla Conference Held by Viceroy Congress insisted to represent muslims of india but Muslim league claimed for it.

1946 Cabinet Mission Proposed center will deal with defense, foreign affairs and communication and three autonomous groups of provience Congress opposed

1946 Action day Muslim league declared direct action day Calling for strikes Aim to press Pakistan

1946 Interim Government Installed in office A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up called Interim Government Initially congress and Muslim league reject but finally both became part for coalition

1947 June 3 Partition Plan Prepared by Lord Mountbatten (last viceroy) Division of Subcontinent into two independent states

1947 Pakistan Achieved 14th August Formally transferred the power of constituent assembly of Paksitan 15th August Quaid-i-Azam became Governor General of Paksitan