Geography, Demography, Ecology, and Society Chapter 5 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

How Many Countries Can You Identify? Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Geography Geography: a social science focusing on spatial interaction of humans and their environments Why are cities located where they are? How does environment shape culture? Why do only certain areas develop? Geographic literacy very low in U.S. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Demography Demography: study of the number and characteristics of a population Why is population increasing or decreasing? How is population distributed among regions? What are characteristics of population? Physical Mental Cultural Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Twenty Most Populous Countries Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Population Growth Death rate Lower worldwide in recent years Birth rate Most important factor determining world population growth Europe and United States’ birthrates declining Social and economic forces Acceptance of birth control Children not economic asset Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Population Trends World population growing rapidly since 1800 Factors: Decline in death rate (due to better sanitation and health care) Increase in food and manufactured goods (increased standard of living for many) Unequal growth in developed vs. undeveloped countries Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Peak of Population Growth? Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Malthusian Theory Thomas Robert Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society (1798) A population tends to outrun its means of subsistence Population will increase quickly (geometrically) Food will increase slowly (arithmetically) Law of diminishing returns Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Malthusian Theory and Technology Julian Simon, The Ultimate Resource People are the ultimate resource People create ideas and technology Technology can support ever-larger populations Many demographers disagree with Simon Cultural divide Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Ecology is rather like sex—every new generation likes to think they were the first to discover it. Michael Allaby Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Ecology Ecology: science concerned with the interactions between living things and their environment Human ecology deals with how human societies adjust to their environment Applies biological science to problems examined by social science Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Finding Ecological Balance Nature seeks ecological balance Changes very slowly over time Modern society causes rapid ecological change Threats: Global warming Pollution, acid rain Loss of fertile soil, animal habitats Hazardous waste disposal Rapid migration of viruses Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Is Pollution Inevitable? Pure air and water becoming scarce Must technology lead to pollution? “Not In My Backyard” mentality Do we want more goods or a more pristine environment? Costs and restrictions prohibitive Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved