BA 2/25 What are some ways that people today question accepted beliefs? What were scientific contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton?

Scientific Revolution SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view. Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution Before 1500’s, scholars determine facts by reading ancient Greek and Roman works and the Bible Scientific revolution: new way to think about natural world using observation and questioning of accepted beliefs 1300-1600= great change in Europe. Renaissance inspired curiosity, questioning of ideas, challenge ways people thought about God and salvation Few Europeans challenged scientific ideas of ancient thinkers or the church by carefully observing nature for themselves Change in European thought

3 Reasons for Scientific Revolution Discovery of new lands, people, and animals during Age of Exploration Opened Europeans to the possibility that there were new truths to be found 2. Invention of printing press helped spread challenging ideas 3. Discoveries in astronomy and math due to sea navigation Ex: astrolabe Made observations that did not match ancient beliefs Age of European exploration also fueled a great deal of scientific research Navigators need better instruments and geographic measurements Scientists began looking more closely at the world around them= found they had reached the limit of the classical world’s knowledge= still needed to know more

Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer Studied the stars for over 25 years Invents the heliocentric theory Heliocentric theory: belief that the sun is the center of the universe Stars and planets revolve around the sun Hid his findings until the last year of his life (1542) Afraid of being called a heretic (video) Before Copernicus, people followed geocentric theory, believing the planets and sun all revolve around the earth. Believe this was the way God created the planet and the Church reaffirmed it for years Middle Ages= most people thought the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe Geocentric theory idea came from Aristotle Christianity taught that God had placed the earth at the center of the universe Nicolaus Copernicus= early 1500s Knew most scholars and clergy would reject his view because it contradicted their religious beliefs

Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler German mathematician Discovers that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits Further proves Copernicus’ theory nearly 60 years after it was published (video) Greeks and up until this time, Europeans believed planets were suspended in space in glass balls holding in gasses Concluded certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion Elliptical orbits= not circles as was previously thought Showed Copernicus’s basic ideas were true= demonstrated mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Italian scientist Creates a telescope to study the planets 3 Discoveries: 1. Jupiter had 4 moons 2. Sun had dark spots 3. Moon had a rough, uneven surface Built on new theories about astronomy Built own telescope in 1609 1610= published small book called Starry Messenger= described his observations Moon surface= shattered Aristotle’s theory that the moon and stars were mad of a pure, perfect substance

Galileo continued Findings went against the Church Church afraid people would question more church teachings Sent to Inquisition in 1633 Signed a confession that his findings were false under fear of torture (video) Findings frightened Catholic and Protestant leaders= went against church teaching and authority Church wrong about this= church may be wrong about other church teachings 1616= Catholic Church warned Galileo not to defend Copernicus’ ideas 1632- Published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems= presented ideas of Copernicus and Ptolemy and showed Galileo supported the Copernican theory Pope summoned Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition 1633= never again a free man= lived under house arrest and died in 1642= books and ideas spread all over Europe

Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton English scientist and mathematician Discovered gravity and the laws of motion 3 Laws of motion: 1. Mass 2. Acceleration 3. Momentum (video) Mid-1600s= Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo had shattered old views of astronomy and physics Isaac Newton helped bring together their breakthroughs under a single theory of motion Same force ruled motion of planet and all matter on earth and in space= law of universal gravitation (every object in the universe attracts every other object)

Newton Australian Project

Schoolhouse Rock

Impact of Scientific Theory Creates Scientific Method Scientific Method: logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas 5 Steps of Scientific Method: 1. Problem or question 2. Hypothesis 3. Test hypothesis 4. Data analysis 5. Conclusion Revolution in scientific thinking that Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo began eventually developed into a new approach to science called the scientific method Begins with a problem or question arising from observation Form hypothesis or unproved assumption Test hypothesis in an experiment or on the basis of data Analyze and interpret data to reach a new conclusion Conclusion either confirms or disproves hypothesis

Impact of Scientific Theory continued Scientific method spreads to: Scientific instruments: microscope, thermometer, barometer, and Celsius scale Medicine: vaccine for smallpox Creation of chemistry and elements Ideas challenged ideas, government, and the Church (video) Microscope- 1590- Dutch eyeglass maker= Zacharias Janssen 1643- barometer- tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather 1714= Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass= showed water freezing at 32 degrees 1742= Anders Celsisu created another scale for the mercury thermometer= showed water freezing at 0 degrees Late 1700s= British physician Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox Philosophers and scholars across Europe began to rethink long held beliefs about the human condition- most notably rights and liberties of ordinary citizens Helped usher in a movement that challenged age-old relationship between a government and its people= eventually changed the political landscape in numerous societies

Graphic Organizer Fold sheet of paper into fourths (one section each for Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton) List major contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton Draw an illustration for each (should have 4 illustrations total)

Classwork Read pgs 623-634 Answer questions 1, 3, 4, and 5 on pgs 628 and 634 Begin Group Project Akbar Suleyman Babur Shah Abbas Sir Isaac Newton Kepler Copernicus John Locke Voltaire Rousseau