SECESSION AND THE CIVIL WAR America: Past and Present Chapter 15

The Deep South Secedes December 20,1860--South Carolina secedes 1st February 1861--Confederate States of America formed included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas Government headed by moderates Aim to restore pre-Republican Party Union Southerners hope to attract Northern states into Confederacy

Importance of border states Ohio River Washington D.C.

Confederate constitution resembles U.S. Government headed by moderates Without strong central govt. Guarantee of slavery in South, protection of slavery in the territories Restrictions on finance of internal improvements Prohibition of protective tariffs Aim to restore pre-Republican Party Union Southerners hope to attract Northern states into Confederacy

The Failure of Compromise Crittenden Plan: extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Lincoln rejects does not think it will end secession viewed as repudiation of Republican principles Buchanan takes no action to stop secession Some wish to “let the South depart in peace”

Advantages SOUTH Better Military Leaders Familiar Terrain Cause NORTH Population Factories Navy Railroads Banks Food crops Central government President Lincoln As war drags on, northern advantages increase North gets richer, South poorer SOUTH Better Military Leaders Familiar Terrain Cause Defensive War

Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

Major Industrial Resources 1860

Railroads

King Cotton - Cash Crop Economy

Prospects, Plans, and Expectations South adopts defensive strategy--North must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrain Lincoln adopts two-front strategy capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Va. seize control of the Mississippi River deploy navy to blockade Southern ports

Overview of Civil War Strategy

Mobilizing the Home Fronts 1862--North & South begin conscription Wealth northerners can avoid draft by hiring substitutes North plagued by violent draft riots (New York City, 1863) Northern mobilization finance war through taxes, bonds, paper money private industry supplies Union armies well Confederate mobilization government arsenals supply Confederate armies efforts to finance lead to runaway inflation transportation system inadequate South finds it difficult to convince farmers to shift from cotton to foodstuffs

Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure Lincoln expands wartime powers declares martial law imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without trial briefly closed down a few newspapers Jefferson Davis concerned mainly with military duties neglects civilian morale, economy lacks influence with state governments

Opposition to Lincoln Copperheads – peace at any cost Radical Republicans – will oppose position on war and slavery as too lenient

Civil War, 1861-1862

Western Theater 1862 No terms except an immediate and unconditional Forts Henry and Donelson New Orleans Shiloh Memphis Vicksburg (1863) No terms except an immediate and unconditional surrender...

Western Theater The rebels are out there thicker than fleas on Forts Henry and Donelson New Orleans Shiloh Memphis Vicksburg (1863) The rebels are out there thicker than fleas on a dog's back

Western Theater A cat could not have crept out Forts Henry and Donelson New Orleans Shiloh Memphis Vicksburg (1863) A cat could not have crept out of Vicksburg without being discovered..

Eastern Theater Penn. 1st Bull Run Peninsula Camp. 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg Bridge at Bull Run There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!!!

If you are not using my army, may I borrow it? Eastern Theater 1st Bull Run Peninsula Camp. 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg If you are not using my army, may I borrow it?

Eastern Theater With these orders, if I cannot whip Bobby Lee! Penn. Eastern Theater 1st Bull Run Peninsula Camp. 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg Emancipation Proclamation With these orders, if I cannot whip Bobby Lee! Burnside's Bridge

Eastern Theater Penn. 1st Bull Run Peninsula Camp. 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg It can hardly be in human nature for men to show more valor, or generals to manifest less judgement.

Civil War, 1863-1865

Eastern Theater Chancellorsville Gettysburg I have lost my right arm

Fourscore and seven years ago... Eastern Theater Chancellorsville Gettysburg All this has been my fault Fourscore and seven years ago...

Total War

March to the Sea I can make Georgia howl!

The Diplomatic Struggle Diplomatic goal of the South forge alliances with Britain and France Diplomatic goal of the Union to prevent such recognition England belligerent rights extended to Confederacy conditions recognition of independence on proof that South can win independence France--Confederacy not recognized unless England does so first "King Cotton" has little influence on foreign policy of other nations

Glory - African Americans and the War 200,000 African American Union troops Many others labor in Northern war effort Lincoln pushes further for black rights organizes governments in conquered Southern states that abolish slavery Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery January 31, 1865--13th Amendment passed Massachusetts 54th

Glory Massachusetts 54th

Grant Sherman Lincoln assassinated – April 16, 1865

over 600,000 killed...

Casualties of War