Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Skull Sternum Ribs Vertebral column Section 36-1 Metatarsals Metacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Pelvis Ulna Carpals Femur Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals DO NOW

Skull or Cranium

Clavicle

Scapula

Costals (Ribs)

Vertebra

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Clavicle Scapula Sternum Costals (Ribs) Humerus Vertebra Ulna Radius

Pelvis

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Bones of the Hand

Carpals Bones of the Hand

Metacarpals Carpals Bones of the Hand

Phalanges Metacarpals Carpels Bones of the Hand

Bones of the Foot

Tarsals Bones of the Foot

Metatarsals Tarsals Bones of the Foot

Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals Bones of the Foot

Skeletal System and Disorders

Give Yourself a Hand If you’ve ever looked at a construction site, you know that a building is supported by a framework of beams. Your body also has a supporting framework. Instead of steel beams, bones support the human body. The beams that support a building are attached in a way that forms a rigid structure. Unlike these beams, the bones that support the body are connected in a way that allows them to move.

The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Functions of Bones fats Blood Support the body Protect soft organs Allow ________________due to attached skeletal muscles Store ___________and ____________. ______________cell formation movement minerals fats Blood

• The outside layers of bone are ____________and __________. These layers contain mostly _____________, such as calcium. It takes a lot of force to break bones. strong hard minerals

grow living • Bones are ________structures. Bones contain ___________and___________. Bones __________and __________as you do. Bones can also ____themselves if they break. blood nerves grow develop fix

Red Yellow _________marrow makes blood cells. • The center of many bones contains soft tissue called _____________. _________marrow makes blood cells. ___________ marrow stores fat in case the body needs it for energy. marrow Red Yellow

Figure 36-3 The Structure of Bone Spongy bone Compact bone Periosteum Bone marrow Artery Vein

False Pelvis False Pelvis Inlet of True Pelvis Pelvic Arch More than 900 Less than 900 Male Female

joint Cartilage A __________ is where two bones meet. Tough tissues called______________ hold together the bones in movable joints. A tissue called _________________covers the ends of the bones. Cartilage keeps the bones from rubbing together at the joint. joint ligaments Cartilage

Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements Section 36-1 Ball-and-Socket Joint Pivot Joint Clavicle Ball-and-socket joint Scapula Humerus Humerus Radius Pivot joint Ulna Hinge Joint Saddle Joint Femur Patella Hinge joint Tibia Fibula Metacarpals Carpals Saddle joint

Demonstrating the Importance of Friction-Reducing Structures .Obtain a small water balloon and clamp. Partially fill the balloon with water (it should still be flaccid), and clamp it closed. .Position the balloon atop one of your fists and press down on its top surface with the other fist. Push on the balloon until your two fists touch, and move your fists back and forth over one another. Assess the amount of friction generated. .Unclamp the balloon and add more water. The goal is to get just enough water in the balloon so that your fists cannot come into contact with one another but remain separated by a thin water layer when pressure is applied to the balloon. .Once again, perform the same movements to assess the amount of friction generated. .How does the presence of a sac containing fluid influence the amount of friction generated? .What anatomical structure(s) does the water-containing balloon mimic? .What anatomical structures might be represented by your fists?

• As people get older, their bones may lose minerals • As people get older, their bones may lose minerals. Then the bones are weak and break easily. osteoporosis (ahs tee oh puh ROH sis)

• A __________is when the end of a bone comes out of its joint. • A _________a break in a bone. The bone may be just cracked, or it may be completely broken in two. • A __________is when the end of a bone comes out of its joint. • A ___________is when ligaments are stretched and torn. Sprains are the most common joint injuries. fracture dislocation sprain

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What kind of fracture is this? It’s kind of tough to tell, but this is a _ _ _ _ _ _ fracture. 49

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Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Figure 5.35