Introduction Operating Systems’ Concepts and Structure Lecture 1 ~ Spring, 2008 ~ Spring, 2008TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1

No. 2 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Contents Definition of an Operating System (OS) Role of an Operating System History of Operating Systems Classification of Operating Systems Specific terms and concepts Structure of an OS Spring, 2008

No. 3 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Definition of an OS Where comes the OS in? A computer system consists of: User software System software Hardware User Applications CompilersEditorsShells Operating System System hardware Spring, 2008

No. 4 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Definition of an OS What is an OS? A system software A collection of procedures that: –manage all the system’s hardware resources –provide the users the environment in which they can: use the system resources run their own applications Spring, 2008

No. 5 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Role of an OS Extended or virtual machine The external or the user point of view A top-down perspective –Hides the complexity of using the hardware devices –Provides the user a more convenient view of the system resources –Purpose: Convenience Resource manager The inside or the designer point of view A bottom-up perspective –Brings the hardware resources in a functional state –Provides each program with time and space for using resources –Purpose: Efficiency Spring, 2008

No. 6 A Classification of OSs Mainframe operating systems: OS/390 Server operating systems: UNIX, Windows 2000, Linux Multiprocessor operating systems PC operating systems: Windows 98, Windows ME, Macintosh, Linux Real-time operating systems: VxWorks, QNX Embedded operating systems: PalmOS, Windows CE, Windows Mobile, Symbia Spring, 2008TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1

No. 7 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Specific Terms and Concepts Batch systems: no user interaction Multiprogramming: multiple programs loaded in memory Time-sharing: each process receives slices of CPU time Interactive systems : provides quick response to user’s actions Multi-user: distinction between users Network OS: users aware of the existence of multiple computers Distributed OS: looks like a traditional single-processor system Processes, Files, System Calls Spring, 2008

No. 8 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Computer Hardware (1) An OS is closely tied to the HW it runs on HW components –CPU –Memory –I/O devices Monitor Keyboard Storage devices (HDD, Floppy etc.) Others –BUSes Spring, 2008

No. 9 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Computer Hardware (2) Tanenbaum, Fig Monitor BUS Spring, 2008

No. 10 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 CPU Functionality –fetch instructions from memory, decode and execute them Instruction set –has a specific set of instructions that can be executed –specific executable programs each processor can run Registers Program counter Stack pointer Many others – architecture dependent Machine state – saved at context switch Kernel vs. User mode of execution –switches between system calls hardware exceptions, interruptions Spring, 2008

No. 11 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Memory Should be extremely fast, large and cheap Hierarchy of layers –Registers: fastest, no delay, but limited size –Cache memory cache hits and misses –Main memory – RAM (Random Access Memory) –HDDs 2 orders of magnitude cheaper and larger then RAM, but 3 orders of magnitude slower mechanical device – heads, tracks (cylinders), sectors, –Magnetic tapes used as a backup for very large data sets very slow, but very cheap and removable Spring, 2008

No. 12 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 I/O Devices Components –controller and the device itself Controller –Directly controls the physical device –Receives commands from the OS Device driver –Supplied by controller manufacturer –Inserted into the OS – run in kernel mode Functionality –Busy waiting –Interrupts Spring, 2008

No. 13 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Processes Definition A program in execution Consists of: executable code, data, stack, CPU registers value, and other information A process hierarchy (tree) A created two child processes: B and C B created three child processes: D, E, and F Process synchronization Inter-Process Communication (IPC) Spring, 2008

No. 14 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Files Definition A collection of related information An abstraction of data stored on HDD A process tree File system mounting File linking Spring, 2008

No. 15 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 System calls (1) Definition –a call to an OS service –a trap into the OS code Examples of system calls –File manipulation: open(), read(), write(), lseek(), close() … –File system management: mkdir(), mount(), link(), chown() … –Process management: fork(), exec(), wait(), exit() … Spring, 2008

No. 16 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 System Calls (2) Steps in making a system call There are 11 steps executing the system call: read (fd, buffer, nbytes) Spring, 2008

No. 17 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures(1). Monolithic OS Spring, 2008

No. 18 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures (2). Layered OS The Structure of the THE operating system Spring, 2008

No. 19 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures (3). Client-Server The client-server model A distributed OS Spring, 2008

No. 20 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 The Structure of an OS Architectures (4).Advantages … Advantages of micro-kernels the modules run in user mode  protection against bugs adaptability to use in distributed systems forces the programmers to adopt a modularize approach easily ported to other architectures better use of RAM than monolithic ones Modules in monolithic systems (Linux) - advantages monolithic OS faster than micro-kernel OS modularized approach platform independence frugal main memory usage no performance penalty Spring, 2008

No. 21 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Process manager: c reates, schedules and destroy processes Memory manager: a llocates and releases memory Disk manager I/O devices manager File system: c reate, read, modify, remove etc. files Communication system Protection system Shells text interface – command interpreter graphical interface The Structure of an OS Components Spring, 2008

No. 22 TUCN. Operating Systems. Lecture 1 Readings Andrew Tannenbaum, “Modern Operating Systems”, second edition, Prentice Hall, 2001, pgs. 1-20, D. Bovet, M. Cesati, “Understanding Linux Kernel”, O’Reilly, 2001, pgs Spring, 2008