College and Career Ready Standards and English Learners Kenji Hakuta Stanford University 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Humans are information integration machines. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

The two cyclops problem. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Civil Rights Act of 1964 NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference Title VI. No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. 8/4/2014

Elementary and Secondary Education Act ESEA (1965) 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

There is no equality of treatment merely by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum; for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. U. S. Supreme Court Lau v. Nichols 1974 Lau v. Nichols (1974) NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference8/4/2014

Basic English skills are at the very core of what these public schools teach. Imposition of a requirement that, before a child can effectively participate in the educational program, he must already have acquired those basic skills is to make a mockery of public education. U. S. Supreme Court Lau v. Nichols 1974 Lau v. Nichols (1974) NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference8/4/2014

NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference ?

Castañeda v. Pickard (1981) Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals § 1703(f) of the EEOA makes it unlawful for an educational agency to fail to take "appropriate action” to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs." (1) Whether the school system is pursuing a program informed by an educational theory recognized as sound by some experts in the field, or, at least, deemed a legitimate experimental strategy. (2) Whether the programs and practices actually used by the school system are reasonably calculated to implement effectively the educational theory adopted by the school. (3) Whether the school's program succeeds, after a legitimate trial, to produce results indicating that the language barriers confronting students are actually being overcome. 648 F.2d 989; 1981 U.S. Judge Carolyn Randall (King) 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Castañeda v. Pickard (1981) Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals § 1703(f) of the EEOA makes it unlawful for an educational agency to fail to take "appropriate action” to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs." (1) Whether the school system is pursuing a program informed by an educational theory recognized as sound by some experts in the field, or, at least, deemed a legitimate experimental strategy. (2) Whether the programs and practices actually used by the school system are reasonably calculated to implement effectively the educational theory adopted by the school. (3) Whether the school's program succeeds, after a legitimate trial, to produce results indicating that the language barriers confronting students are actually being overcome. 648 F.2d 989; 1981 U.S. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Castañeda v. Pickard (1981) Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals § 1703(f) of the EEOA makes it unlawful for an educational agency to fail to take "appropriate action” to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs." (1) Whether the school system is pursuing a program informed by an educational theory recognized as sound by some experts in the field, or, at least, deemed a legitimate experimental strategy. (2) Whether the programs and practices actually used by the school system are reasonably calculated to implement effectively the educational theory adopted by the school. (3) Whether the school's program succeeds, after a legitimate trial, to produce results indicating that the language barriers confronting students are actually being overcome. 648 F.2d 989; 1981 U.S. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Castañeda v. Pickard (1981) Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals § 1703(f) of the EEOA makes it unlawful for an educational agency to fail to take "appropriate action” to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs." (1) Whether the school system is pursuing a program informed by an educational theory recognized as sound by some experts in the field, or, at least, deemed a legitimate experimental strategy. (2) Whether the programs and practices actually used by the school system are reasonably calculated to implement effectively the educational theory adopted by the school. (3) Whether the school's program succeeds, after a legitimate trial, to produce results indicating that the language barriers confronting students are actually being overcome. 648 F.2d 989; 1981 U.S. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Sound theory ImplementationResults examine evaluate reform revise Articulated in OCR policy memoranda issued on Sept. 11, 1984, reiterated successively in 1985, 1990, /4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference ?

A Nation at Risk (1983)… call for standards. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Section 1014(d) of the Hawkins ‑ Stafford Amendments of 1988 requires Chapter 1 participants to ``have needs stemming from educational deprivation and not related solely to... limited English proficiency.'' 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

No Child Left Behind 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

No Child Left Behind: Three important pieces for ELLs Sec. 1111(a)(3)(ix)(III) the inclusion of limited English proficient students, who shall be assessed in a valid and reliable manner and provided reasonable accommodations on assessments administered … including, to the extent practicable, assessments in the language and form most likely to yield accurate data… Sec. 1111(a)(3)(xiii) enable results to be disaggregated within each State, local educational agency, and school by…English proficiency status. Sec 3113(b)(2) standards and objectives for raising the level of English proficiency that are derived from the four recognized domains of speaking, listening, reading, and writing, and that are aligned with achievement of the challenging State academic content and student academic achievement standards described in section 1111(b)(1). 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

The New Civil Right: Inseparable education for language and content 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Old Paradigm ContentLanguage Mostly vocabulary, Grammar NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference 8/4/20148/4/2014

New Paradigm Discourse Text (complex text) Explanation Argumentation Purpose Typical structure of text Sentence structures Δ Vocabulary practices LanguageContent NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference 8/4/20148/4/2014

8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

The New Content Standards (CCSS/NGSS/CCRS) Photo: Courtesy Jeff Johnson

MOOCs from Understanding Language Effective teachers facilitate rich student academic discourse that is supported by the tools of reading, writing, and visualization. The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), supported by the new English Language Proficiency Standards, have created a context for reform whose signature instructional moments include these uses of language. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Three Legs of the Language Stool Learning through discourse. Transacting with text and images. Writing about evidence, reasoning and argument. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Continuum of MOOCs 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

c-MOOCs “c” is for … connectivity, collaborative, constructivist, creative, collective… Applied as… …take a SCOOP of language and analyze, reflect, share, collaborate 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

c-MOOCs “c” is for … connectivity, collaborative, constructivist, creative, collective… Applied as… …take a SCOOP of language and analyze, reflect, share, collaborate 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

It is more like “Citizen Science” than it is a “MOOC”. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Learning from a Pilot MOOC (through support from OELA/NPD) INSTRUCTORS Kenji Hakuta Jeff Zwiers Sara Rutherford-Quach Addressed how to facilitate classroom discoursese as required by the new CCSS and NGSS Targeted educators of English Language Learners Required participants to listen closely, analyze, reflect, and act on student-to-student interactions 8,000 enrolled, plus 1,000 auditors 2,000 active participants joined 519 teams of 1-8 per team 1,560 fully completed first assignment completion rate*: 26.2% *with respect to those who turned in the 1st assignment 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

MOOC as a Vehicle for Collaboration IHEsStates and Districts NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference Stanford (Kenji Hakuta, Jeff Zwiers, Sara Rutherford) Stanford (Jonathan Osborne, Bryan Brown, Helen Quinn, Guadalupe Valdes) Stanford (Sam Wineburg) Stanford (David Brazer) Stanford (Rachel Lotan) Oregon State (Karen Thompson) UCSC (George Bunch, Judit Moschkovich) UC Davis (Susan O’Hara, Harold Levine) UCLA (Margaret Heritage), Alison Bailey CSU Sacramento (Sue Baker, Adele Arellano, Stephanie Biagetti, Pia Wong) U Virginia (Amanda Kibler) U Wisconsin (Tim Boals, Margo Gottlieb, Gary Cook) U Maryland (Melinda Beltran) East Carolina University (Rob Lucas) UNC Chapel Hill (Marta Civil) New Mexico State University (Anita Hernandez) University of New Mexico (Rebecca Blum Martinez) UC Berkeley (David Pearson) Seattle University (Robert Hughes) North Carolina Department of Public Instruction (Nadja Trez) Topic: CCSS Implementation – ELA Middle School and Math Elementary Oregon Department of Education (Timothy Blackburn and Martha Martinez) Topic: ELPA21 Standards SFUSD (Angie Estonina), LAUSD (Hilda Maldonado) and OUSD (Nicole Knight) Topic: Student Discourse Seattle Public Schools (Veronica Gallardo) Topic: Student Discourse New York City Schools (in process) New York State Education Department (in process) 8/4/2014

Understanding Language | Online MOOCs The Database 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Understanding Language | Online MOOCs All MOOCs will be focused on SCOOPS of student work that display evidence from (1) discourse, (2) transaction with text, (3) writing about evidence, reasoning and argument that contributes to the Database. MOOCs will be specialized by different content areas, grade levels, student subgroups, geographical region. The MOOC COOP will be comprised of primarily faculty and LEAs, where the IHE will package and offer the MOOC, and the LEA will collaborate in capturing examples of student work and instruction that can become model content for the MOOC. Members of the MOOC COOP will be part of an IP agreement that will allow reciprocal borrowing/lending of MOOC content with agreed-upon allowances and restrictions. MOOC COOP membership will allow special access to the Database. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

Understanding Language | Online The Database The Database will consist of MOOC SCOOPS, including all information about the SCOOPS gathered from the MOOC (description of setting, self-evaluations, peer evaluations, etc.) and will be searchable. The main uses of the Database are: Evaluation and improvement of MOOCs To support Formative Assessment Online, a service to allow users to enter new samples of student language (new SCOOPS) and to use the database as a reference point for formative assessment practice by finding “similar” and “informative” examples. Basic research, such as mapping learning progressions for the language used around specific content topics. Other activities to move the field, such as sponsoring Natural Language Processing contests to model expertise in evaluating student language. 8/4/2014NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference

The “Vision” NC DPI Summer ELL Support Conference Formative Assessment MOOC Mosaic Metadata Traffic patterns NLP Data University Collaborations District Collaborations 8/4/2014