Topics  Two worldviews  The fossil record The Cambrian explosion The Cambrian explosion Famous “transitions” used to support evolution Famous “transitions” used to support evolution  The mechanism for change Natural selection Natural selection Mutations Mutations A case study A case study

Evolution History of the Life All species evolved over billions of years from a common ancestor

The Bible and the History of Life And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. Genesis 1:25

Evidence 1.The fossil record (history) 2.Mechanism for change Each model (evolution and creation) can best be determined by examining two lines of evidence

The Fossil Record and Education “Fossils offer the most direct evidence that evolution takes place…. Fossils, therefore, provide an actual record of Earth’s past life-forms. Change over time (evolution) can be seen in the fossil record.” Is this true? Biology: Principles and Explorations, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2001, p. 283.

Fossil Record Cambrian Precambrian 540 –

Examining the Evidence Morphology TimeCambrianPrecambrian Darwinian Model Actual Data Sudden appearance of complex creatures Created after their kind Tree of life

Cambrian Explosion “The Cambrian explosion is not just a case of all the major animal phyla appearing at about the same place in the geologic column. It is also a situation of no ancestors to suggest how they might have evolved.” Ariel Roth (Ph.D. Zoology), Origins,1998, p Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

What do the Facts Support? Where are the thousands of observable intermediates? Created after their kind Precambrian – Cambrian Invertebrate – Vertebrate Fish – Amphibian Horse Whale

Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish) “Fishes are considered to be the most primitive living vertebrates… …similarities in structure and embryological development show that fishes and modern invertebrate chordates probably did evolve from common invertebrate ancestors that lived many millions of years ago.” Biology, Miller and Levine, 2000, p There is not one single intermediate in the textbook to support this claim!

Early fish according to the Biology textbook Miller and Levine Invertebrate(jellyfish) Trilobite ? ? ? ? Where are the thousands of observable intermediates? Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish)

What do the Facts Support? “However, we have virtually no evidence in the fossil record or elsewhere for any of the changes proposed during this ‘immensity of time’; but the public hears nothing of this problem.” Aerial Roth (Ph.D. Zoology), Origins, p. 189.

What do the Facts Support? Where are the millions of observable intermediates? Created after their kind Precambrian – Cambrian Invertebrate – Vertebrate Fish – Amphibian Horse Whale

Fish to Amphibian “Because of these similarities, scientists think the first amphibians were descendants of the lobe- finned fishes, a group whose modern members include the coelacanth and the lungfishes.” Biology: Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1998, p This is supposedly evolving into legs

Coelacanth  Extinct for 70 million years  1938 living coelacanths were found  It is still 100% fish The front fins (lobes) are still fins

Coelacanth Question If coelacanth’s lived 300 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago Why have no fossils been found that date younger than 65 million years? If coelacanth’s lived 300 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago Why have no fossils been found that date younger than 65 million years? Three Principles

Three Principles About Fossils 2.All living and extinct organisms could have existed at the same time. 3.There cannot ever be an index fossil unless the time span during which the represented creature lived is exactly known. 1.If the coelacanth can exist for 65 million years without leaving any fossil evidence, how do we know it did not live 400 mya, 500 mya, or 1 mya? This would also be true of any creature. We have no exact dating method.

Scenario  We find a new coelacanth fossil that is 1,000 years old  Suppose the sediments cannot be directly dated by radioisotope dating methods  Since we assume coelacanth’s died out over 65 mya, we would incorrectly date this new fossil being at least 65 myo! Suppose we did not know the coelacanth was still alive

What do the Facts Support? Where are the thousands of observable intermediates? Created after their kind Precambrian – Cambrian Invertebrate – Vertebrate Fish – Amphibian Horse Whale

Alleged Intermediates HorseWhales Life Sciences, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 164.

The Horse “The horse is a well-documented case study in evolution. The fossil record shows clear steps in the progression from a four-toed, small browsing animal - one of a line that gave rise to tapirs, rhinoceroses, and other mammals in addition to horses - to the modern horse,…” "Evolutionary History of the Modern Horse," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation.

Evolution Horse Evidence  Reduced number of toes  Smaller to larger in size  Teeth modified for grazing

Two Views – Which is Correct?  Ordered small to large in the fossil record  Many transitions Evolution Bible (Creation)  Small and large horses (genetic variation)  Mixed in the fossil record  No transitions

Critical Thinking and Toes   A reduction in number of toes is a loss of information not a gain   There are rare cases of living horses having more than one toe   Why is one toe an advantage over three toes?   The cheetah has five toes on each foot   A reduction in number of toes is a loss of information not a gain   There are rare cases of living horses having more than one toe   Why is one toe an advantage over three toes?   The cheetah has five toes on each foot There is no clear advantage to having one toe or four toes

Critical Thinking and Size   How does size give an advantage?   Being smaller might allow an animal to hide better   How does size give an advantage?   Being smaller might allow an animal to hide better There is no clear advantage to size “The Thompson gazelle, despite being both small and delicate and having two weight- bearing toes, is quite able to outrun all savannah predators, except for the cheetah.”

Horses Today Clydesdale draughthorse, one of the largest of horses, with a miniature horse If there is such genetic variability today this would also apply for the past

Horse Fossils North-eastern Oregon, the three-toed Neohipparion and one-toed Pliohippus were found in the same layer. This indicates that they were living at the same time, and thus provides no evidence that one evolved from the other Vij Sodera (MD, author of 3 surgical textbooks), One Small Speck to man: The Evolution Myth, 2003, p. 73.

Ash Falls Nebraska 70 Skeletons of horses were found together belonging to five different ‘types’ of horses What does this suggest? They all lived at the same time Generic variation within the horse kind

Horse Sense “Most non-technical surveys of horse evolution present the story as if it were a series of established facts. In reality, it is a web of hypotheses and theories,…” Richard Hulbert (Prof of Vertebrate paleontology), Horses Through Time, 1997, p.33.

Evolution and the Horse “As the biologist Heribert-Nilsson said, ‘The family tree of the horse is beautiful and continuous only in the textbooks’, and the famous paleontologist Niles Eldredge called the textbook picture ‘lamentable’ and ‘a classical case of paleontologic museology'.” Jonathan Sarfati (Ph.D. Physical Chemistry), Creation Ex Nihilo, 1999 Why would someone make this statement?

What Textbooks Don’t Contain The rib count, vertebrae count, tooth count and the size of the animal, varies widely and does not show any direct line of progression (18, 15, 19, 18) 1. Notice the line drawings The Picture 2. Similarity could be genetic variability

What do the Facts Support? Where are the thousands of observable intermediates? Created after their kind Precambrian – Cambrian Invertebrate – Vertebrate Fish – Amphibian Horse Whale Created after their kind

Whale Evolution: A Study of Deception “For instance, modern whales are the descendants of four- legged land animals that are also the ancestors of horses and cows. As you can, fossil intermediates between modern whales and their 60-million-year- old ancestor reveal a history of slow transformation.” Biology: Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1998, p. 177.

Deception Kenneth Miller, Finding Darwin’s God,1999, p Ambulocetus skeleton, as drawn in Miller’s book Ambulocetus reconstruction, as drawn in Miller’s book Actual bones found (shaded portion)

The Faith of Evolution “The skeleton of Pakicetus is unknown, but a very tentative reconstruction shows a semi-aquatic coast dwelling carnivore which could still move about on land.” Michael Benton, Vertebrate Paleontology, 1990, p. 289.Pakicetus

Deception Pakicetus: another candidate for whale evolution Artist reconstruction Only the shaded portions of the skull were found

Did Whales Have Legs? Some modern whales have a pair of bones embedded in their tissues Are these left over legs?

Whales Do NOT Have Legs  They are not attached to the vertebral column  They are used to strengthen the pelvic wall and act as an organ anchor for reproduction  They have a known function and differ in males and females

Another Claim In 1956, a Sperm Whale was found with a 5- inch tibia projecting into a 5 ½ inch bump  Sperm whales are large - up to 62 feet long  A 5 ½ inch bump on its side would look like a pimple  People are sometimes born with abnormalities such as an extra finger, or an extra rib Was this a leg?

Where is the Evidence? The changes required in the evolutionary belief system for a land animal to become a whale are incredibly complex and far reaching

Whales: Unique Features  Enormous lung capacity with efficient oxygen exchange for long dives  Powerful tail with large horizontal flukes  Eyes designed to see underwater and withstand high pressure  Ears designed to pick up airborne sound waves and eardrum to withstand high pressure  Skin lacking hair and sweat glands, but incorporate fatty blubber

 Whale fins and tongues have counter- current heat exchangers to minimize heat loss  Nostrils on top of the head (blowholes)  Breastfeed under water  Sonar capacity Is there any observable evidence of these changes or is it all based on artists drawings?

What do the Facts Support? Where are the thousands of observable intermediates? Precambrian – Cambrian Invertebrate – Vertebrate Fish – Amphibian Horse Whale Created after their kind

All Ideas

Deception Evolutionists want to believe in evolution so bad they will resort to deceiving their followers and anybody else they can control in the education system, including professors, teachers, and students by making up data that does not exist.

Summary: Fossil Record “Given the fact of evolution, one would expect the fossils to document a gradual steady change from ancestral forms to the descendants. But this is not what the paleontologists finds. Instead, he or she finds gaps in just about every phyletic series.” Ernst Mayr (Professor Emeritus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Hailed as the Darwin of the 20 th century), What Evolution Is, 2001, p. 14.

Question What about the fossil sequence in the geologic column? ‘It is well recognized that during an entombing event dead creatures are subject to some form of segregation (whether by size, shape or density) by the effect of fluid movements.” Vij Sodera, One Small Speck to Man, 2003, p. 38.

Mechanism for Change Single cellInvertebrate InvertebrateVertebrate (fish) FishAmphibian Amphibianreptile ReptileBird/mammal Ape-like creatureHuman What was the mechanism that could cause all this to happen?

Evolution and Change 2. Natural selection selects this mutation over any existing genes or other detrimental mutations that code for this function 3. The mutation is inherited by offspring KEY: This process must add New Information 1. A beneficial mutation occurs

Natural Selection  Ability to adapt to the environment  Survival of the fittest Can natural selection cause one kind (species) to become a new kind? Genetic Variation  Can only select from existing information  Can cause a loss of information  Has no foresight into the future

Natural Selection and Mutations Time Natural selection should eliminate harmful disorders Mutations and disorders If evolution is true

Natural Selection and Mutations MIM Entries Mendelian Inheritance in Man encyclopedia of human genes and disorders Observed data

Mutation DetrimentalNeutralBeneficial No change No evolution Disease No evolution Evolution possible ? yes Add information No evolution No Change morphology No Yes

Mutations  Insertions  Deletions  Inversions  Duplications  Translocations  Recombination's Programmed Gene Expressions

Mutations “But in all the reading I’ve done in the life-sciences literature, I’ve never found a mutation that added information… All point mutations that have been studied on the molecular level turn out to reduce the genetic information and not increase it.” Lee Spetner (Ph.D. Physics – MIT, taught information and communications at Johns Hopkins University), Not By Chance, 1997, pp. 131, 138

Scientists Linda K. Walkup Ph.D. Genetics Todd Wood Ph.D. Genetics Lane Lester Ph.D. Genetics James S. Allan Ph.D. Genetics Andre Eggen Ph.D. Genetics Maciej Giertych Ph.D. Genetics Leonard Korochkin M.D. Genetics and Neurobiology Ray Bohlin Ph.D. Molecular and Cell Biology Kimberly Berrine Ph.D. Microbiology & Immunology David A. DeWitt Ph.D. Biochemistry Duane Gish Ph.D. Biochemistry George T. Javor Ph.D. Biochemistry Harriet Kim Ph.D. Biochemistry John Marcus Ph.D. Molecular Biology David Menton Ph.D. Cell Biology

“… most species, including most horses, appear abruptly in the fossil record, change very little over their entire history and then disappear just as unceremoniously. This pattern is well known to paleontologists who have actually attributed it to the imperfection of the fossil record: the missing links between one species and another have all died without the decency to leave their remains as fossils.” Johnjoe McFadden (Professor of Molecular Biology and Quantum Physics), Quantum Evolution, 2000, p. 71.

Case Study

Case Study Question How many generations would it take for a creature like Lucy to evolve into a human?

Case Study  Lucy is claimed to be 3.5 million years old  Apes are claimed to be 3% different from humans Background Information

Case Study – Set-Up  Let each generation be 20 years  Triple the time to 10 million years 20 years 10 million years 500,000 generations Let every generation get one beneficial mutation for 500,000 generations

Case Study Data  A human DNA molecule contains about 3-billion bits of information  3% of 3-billion = 90 million differences We need to make 90 million changes in 500,000 generations

Case Study – The Facts One beneficial mutation per generation (every 20 years) for 500,000 generations (10 million years) effects less than 1% of the genome 90,000, ,000

Case Study Conclusion 90,000, ,000 No known mechanism for evolution

Evidence 1.The fossil record (history) 2.Mechanism for change Each model (evolution and creation) can best be determined by examining two lines of evidence The evidence supports creation

The Bible starts with, “In the beginning God created…” True The Bible teaches, “created after their kind” True

If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things? John 3:12

The Bible teaches, we have no excuse for not believing (Romans 1:19-20) But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear Him who, after He has killed, has power to cast into hell; yes, I say to you, fear Him! Luke 12:5 But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear Him who, after He has killed, has power to cast into hell; yes, I say to you, fear Him! Luke 12:5