1. Mike Riddle
Answers in Genesis

2. Topics Two worldviews The fossil record The mechanism for change
The Cambrian explosion
Famous “transitions” used to support evolution
The mechanism for change
Natural selection
Mutations
A case study

3. Evolution History of the Life
All species evolved over billions of years from a common ancestor

4. The Bible and the History of Life
And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
Genesis 1:25

5. Evidence
Each model (evolution and creation) can best be determined by examining two lines of evidence
The fossil record (history)
Mechanism for change

6. The Fossil Record and Education
Biology: Principles and Explorations, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2001, p. 283.
“Fossils offer the most direct evidence that evolution takes place….
Fossils, therefore, provide an actual record of Earth’s past life-forms. Change over time (evolution) can be seen in the fossil record.”
Is this true?

7. Part 2
The fossil record
Cambrian explosion
Famous transitions

8. Fossil Record
Cambrian
Precambrian
540 – 500

9. Examining the Evidence
Actual Data
Tree of life
Cambrian
Precambrian
Time
Sudden appearance of complex creatures
Created after their kind
Darwinian Model
Morphology

10. What do the Facts Support?
Precambrian – Cambrian
Invertebrate – Vertebrate
Fish – Amphibian
Horse
Whale
Created after their kind
Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

11. Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish)
Biology, Miller and Levine, 2000, p. 680.
“Fishes are considered to be the most primitive living vertebrates…
…similarities in structure and embryological development show that fishes and modern invertebrate chordates probably did evolve from common invertebrate ancestors that lived many millions of years ago.”
There is not one single intermediate in the textbook to support this claim!

12. Invertebrate to Vertebrate (Fish)
(jellyfish)
Early fish according to the Biology textbook
Miller and Levine ? ?
A theme: A theory demands evidence not just stories and rumors.
Trilobite
Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

13. What do the Facts Support?
Aerial Roth (Ph.D. Zoology), Origins, p. 189.
“However, we have virtually no evidence in the fossil record or elsewhere for any of the changes proposed during this ‘immensity of time’; but the public hears nothing of this problem.”

14. What do the Facts Support?
Precambrian – Cambrian
Invertebrate – Vertebrate
Fish – Amphibian
Horse
Whale
Created after their kind
Created after their kind
Where are the millions of observable intermediates?

15. Biology: Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1998, p. 461.
Fish to Amphibian
Biology: Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1998, p. 461.
“Because of these similarities, scientists think the first amphibians were descendants of the lobe-finned fishes, a group whose modern members include the coelacanth and the lungfishes.”
The idea here is that these lobes turned into legs for walking on land.
Why does the author say “scientists think?” because they don’t have the evidence
This is supposedly evolving into legs

16. Coelacanth Extinct for 70 million years
1938 living coelacanths were found
It is still 100% fish
The front fins (lobes) are still fins
Our textbook writers are out of touch or purposely give incorrect information

17. Coelacanth Question Three Principles
If coelacanth’s lived 300 million years ago and became extinct 65 million years ago
Why have no fossils been found that date younger than 65 million years?
Three Principles

18. Three Principles About Fossils
If the coelacanth can exist for 65 million years without leaving any fossil evidence, how do we know it did not live 400 mya, 500 mya, or 1 mya? This would also be true of any creature. We have no exact dating method.
All living and extinct organisms could have existed at the same time.
There cannot ever be an index fossil unless the time span during which the represented creature lived is exactly known.

19. Suppose we did not know the coelacanth was still alive
Scenario
Suppose we did not know the coelacanth was still alive
We find a new coelacanth fossil that is 1,000 years old
Suppose the sediments cannot be directly dated by radioisotope dating methods
Since we assume coelacanth’s died out over 65 mya, we would incorrectly date this new fossil being at least 65 myo!

20. What do the Facts Support?
Precambrian – Cambrian
Invertebrate – Vertebrate
Fish – Amphibian
Horse
Whale
Created after their kind
Created after their kind
Created after their kind
Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

21. Alleged Intermediates
Horse
Whales
Life Sciences, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 164.

22. The Horse
“The horse is a well-documented case study in evolution. The fossil record shows clear steps in the progression from a four-toed, small browsing animal - one of a line that gave rise to tapirs, rhinoceroses, and other mammals in addition to horses - to the modern horse,…”
"Evolutionary History of the Modern Horse," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia © Microsoft Corporation.

23. Evolution Horse Evidence
Reduced number of toes
Smaller to larger in size
Teeth modified for grazing

24. Two Views – Which is Correct?
Evolution
Ordered small to large in the fossil record
Many transitions
Bible (Creation)
Small and large horses (genetic variation)
Mixed in the fossil record
No transitions

25. Critical Thinking and Toes
A reduction in number of toes is a loss of information not a gain
There are rare cases of living horses having more than one toe
Why is one toe an advantage over three toes?
The cheetah has five toes on each foot
There is no clear advantage to having one toe or four toes

26. Critical Thinking and Size
How does size give an advantage?
Being smaller might allow an animal to hide better
“The Thompson gazelle, despite being both small and delicate and having two weight-bearing toes, is quite able to outrun all savannah predators, except for the cheetah.”
There is no clear advantage to size

27. Horses Today
Clydesdale draughthorse, one of the largest of horses, with a miniature horse
Despite the obvious difference in size between these two, they are both clearly horses.
If there is such genetic variability today this would also apply for the past

28. Horse Fossils
North-eastern Oregon, the three-toed Neohipparion and one-toed Pliohippus were found in the same layer. This indicates that they were living at the same time, and thus provides no evidence that one evolved from the other
This is not a direct quote.
Vij Sodera (MD, author of 3 surgical textbooks), One Small Speck to man: The Evolution Myth, 2003, p. 73.

29. Ash Falls Nebraska What does this suggest?
70 Skeletons of horses were found together belonging to five different ‘types’ of horses
What does this suggest?
Some of the pilohippus specimens had three toes and others one toe.
They all lived at the same time
Generic variation within the horse kind

30. Horse Sense
Richard Hulbert (Prof of Vertebrate paleontology), Horses Through Time, 1997, p.33.
“Most non-technical surveys of horse evolution present the story as if it were a series of established facts. In reality, it is a web of hypotheses and theories,…”

31. Evolution and the Horse
Jonathan Sarfati (Ph.D. Physical Chemistry), Creation Ex Nihilo, 1999
“As the biologist Heribert-Nilsson said, ‘The family tree of the horse is beautiful and continuous only in the textbooks’, and the famous paleontologist Niles Eldredge called the textbook picture ‘lamentable’ and ‘a classical case of paleontologic museology'.”
Why would someone make this statement?

32. What Textbooks Don’t Contain
The rib count, vertebrae count, tooth count and the size of the animal, varies widely and does not show any direct line of progression (18, 15, 19, 18)
The Picture
1. Notice the line drawings
2. Similarity could be genetic variability

33. What do the Facts Support?
Precambrian – Cambrian
Invertebrate – Vertebrate
Fish – Amphibian
Horse
Whale
Created after their kind
Created after their kind
Created after their kind
Created after their kind
Horse evolution is only inferred. There is no clear observable proof of horse evolution
Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

34. Whale Evolution: A Study of Deception
“For instance, modern whales are the descendants of four-legged land animals that are also the ancestors of horses and cows. As you can see in Figure 10-4, fossil intermediates between modern whales and their 60-million-year-old ancestor reveal a history of slow transformation.”
These pictures are drawn by an artist. It is not what was found.
Biology: Visualizing Life, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1998, p. 177.

35. Deception Ambulocetus skeleton, as drawn in Miller’s book
Kenneth Miller, Finding Darwin’s God,1999, p. 265.
Ambulocetus skeleton, as drawn in Miller’s book
Ambulocetus reconstruction, as drawn in Miller’s book
Note no pelvic girdle was found. This hinders interpretations of locomotion.
Actual bones found (shaded portion)

36. The Faith of Evolution
Michael Benton, Vertebrate Paleontology, 1990, p. 289.
“The skeleton of Pakicetus is unknown, but a very tentative reconstruction shows a semi-aquatic coast dwelling carnivore which could still move about on land.”
Pakicetus
Only parts of the skull have been found

37. Deception Pakicetus: another candidate for whale evolution
Artist reconstruction
Only the shaded portions of the skull were found

38. Did Whales Have Legs? Are these left over legs?
Some modern whales have a pair of bones embedded in their tissues
Are these left over legs? No

39. Whales Do NOT Have Legs
They have a known function and differ in males and females
They are not attached to the vertebral column
They are used to strengthen the pelvic wall and act as an organ anchor for reproduction

40. Another Claim Was this a leg?
In 1956, a Sperm Whale was found with a 5-inch tibia projecting into a 5 ½ inch bump
Was this a leg?
Sperm whales are large - up to 62 feet long
A 5 ½ inch bump on its side would look like a pimple
People are sometimes born with abnormalities such as an extra finger, or an extra rib

41. Where is the Evidence?
The changes required in the evolutionary belief system for a land animal to become a whale are incredibly complex and far reaching

42. Whales: Unique Features
Enormous lung capacity with efficient oxygen exchange for long dives
Powerful tail with large horizontal flukes
Eyes designed to see underwater and withstand high pressure
Ears designed to pick up airborne sound waves and eardrum to withstand high pressure
Skin lacking hair and sweat glands, but incorporate fatty blubber

43. Whale fins and tongues have counter-current heat exchangers to minimize heat loss
Nostrils on top of the head (blowholes)
Breastfeed under water
Sonar capacity
Critical Thinking
Is there any observable evidence of these changes or is it all based on artists drawings?

44. What do the Facts Support?
Precambrian – Cambrian
Invertebrate – Vertebrate
Fish – Amphibian
Horse
Whale
Created after their kind
Created after their kind
Where are the thousands of observable intermediates?

45. The Universe
All Ideas
Creation

46. Deception
Evolutionists want to believe in evolution so bad they will resort to deceiving their followers and anybody else they can control in the education system, including professors, teachers, and students by making up data that does not exist.

47. Summary: Fossil Record
Ernst Mayr (Professor Emeritus in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, Hailed as the Darwin of the 20th century), What Evolution Is, 2001, p. 14.
“Given the fact of evolution,
one would expect the fossils to document a gradual steady change from ancestral forms to the descendants. But this is not what the paleontologists finds. Instead, he or she finds gaps in just about every phyletic series.”

48. Question What about the fossil sequence in the geologic column?
‘It is well recognized that during an entombing event dead creatures are subject to some form of segregation (whether by size, shape or density) by the effect of fluid movements.”
The Flood
Vij Sodera, One Small Speck to Man, 2003, p. 38.

49. Mechanism for Change Natural Selection
Part 3
Mechanism for Change Natural Selection
Mutations

50. What was the mechanism that could cause all this to happen?
Mechanism for Change
Single cell Invertebrate
Invertebrate Vertebrate (fish)
Fish Amphibian
Amphibian reptile
Reptile Bird/mammal
Ape-like creature Human
What was the mechanism that could cause all this to happen?

51. KEY: This process must add
Evolution and Change
A beneficial mutation occurs
Natural selection selects this mutation over any existing genes or other detrimental mutations that code for this function
The mutation is inherited by offspring
KEY: This process must add
New Information

52. Can natural selection cause one kind (species) to become a new kind?
Genetic Variation
Ability to adapt to the environment
Survival of the fittest
Can natural selection cause one kind (species) to become a new kind? No
Can only select from existing information
Can cause a loss of information
Has no foresight into the future

53. Natural Selection and Mutations
Time
Natural selection should eliminate harmful disorders
Mutations and disorders
If evolution is true

54. Natural Selection and Mutations
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
MIM Entries
Mendelian Inheritance in Man
encyclopedia of human genes and disorders
Observed data

55. Mutation Detrimental Neutral Beneficial Disease No evolution No change
Add information
No evolution No
Change morphology No
Yes
Evolution possible ?
yes

56. Programmed Gene Expressions
Mutations
Insertions
Deletions
Inversions
Duplications
Translocations
Recombination's
Programmed Gene Expressions

57. Mutations
Lee Spetner (Ph.D. Physics – MIT, taught information and communications at Johns Hopkins University), Not By Chance, 1997, pp. 131, 138
“But in all the reading I’ve done in the life-sciences literature, I’ve never found a mutation that added information…
All point mutations that have been studied on the molecular level turn out to reduce the genetic information and not increase it.”

58. Scientists Linda K. Walkup Ph.D. Genetics Todd Wood Ph.D. Genetics
Lane Lester Ph.D. Genetics
James S. Allan Ph.D. Genetics
Andre Eggen Ph.D. Genetics
Maciej Giertych Ph.D. Genetics
Leonard Korochkin M.D. Genetics and Neurobiology
Ray Bohlin Ph.D. Molecular and Cell Biology
Kimberly Berrine Ph.D. Microbiology & Immunology
David A. DeWitt Ph.D. Biochemistry
Duane Gish Ph.D. Biochemistry
George T. Javor Ph.D. Biochemistry
Harriet Kim Ph.D. Biochemistry
John Marcus Ph.D. Molecular Biology
David Menton Ph.D. Cell Biology

59. Johnjoe McFadden (Professor of Molecular Biology and Quantum Physics), Quantum Evolution, 2000, p. 71.
“… most species, including most horses, appear abruptly in the fossil record, change very little over their entire history and then disappear just as unceremoniously.
This pattern is well known to paleontologists who have actually attributed it to the imperfection of the fossil record: the missing links between one species and another have all died without the decency to leave their remains as fossils.”

60. Case Study

61. Case Study Question
How many generations would it take for a creature like Lucy to evolve into a human?

62. Background Information
Case Study
Background Information
Lucy is claimed to be 3.5 million years old
Apes are claimed to be 3% different from humans

63. Case Study – Set-Up Let each generation be 20 years
Triple the time to 10 million years
20 years
10 million years
500,000 generations
Let every generation get one beneficial mutation for 500,000 generations

64. Case Study Data
A human DNA molecule contains about 3-billion bits of information
3% of 3-billion = 90 million differences
We need to make 90 million changes in 500,000 generations

65. Case Study – The Facts
90,000,000
500,000
.5%
One beneficial mutation per generation (every 20 years) for 500,000 generations (10 million years) effects less than 1% of the genome

66. No known mechanism for evolution
Case Study Conclusion
90,000,000
500,000
180
No known mechanism for evolution
Considering the ratio of bad to possible beneficial mutations no creature could survive.

67. The evidence supports creation
Each model (evolution and creation) can best be determined by examining two lines of evidence
The fossil record (history)
Mechanism for change
The evidence supports creation

68. True True The Bible starts with, “In the beginning God created…”
The Bible teaches, “created after their kind”
True

69. John 3:12
If I have told you earthly things, and ye believe not, how shall ye believe, if I tell you of heavenly things?

70. The Bible teaches, we have no excuse for not believing (Romans 1:19-20)
But I will show you whom you should fear: Fear Him who, after He has killed, has power to cast into hell; yes, I say to you, fear Him!
Luke 12:5
There are eternal consequences to what we believe